Psychological Interventions in Mental Health Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Psychological Interventions in Mental Health Nursing. Answer: Introduction: Mood is the persistent status of internal feeling. Mood of the patient can be inquired by asking questions to the patient and patient expresses mood in their own words. As a result, mood is the subjective report of patients emotional status. Mood of the patient should be assessed over a period of few weeks and not the specific time point. This feeling can be unenthusiastic, depressed and low and other side it can be energized, elevated and out of control. There is also feeling of anger, irritation and nervous. Ellens mood is aggressive, elevated, labile or reactive, irritable (Finney et al., 2016; Nakash et al., 2015). Thought content: Thought content can be sad and angry. Person always thinking about certain things and difficult to come out of this thinking. Moreover, person not willing to share this thinking and personal beliefs with others. Person is always worried and scared about certain things. Person thinks detached from other people and removed from the society. Person thinks that other person or other group intend to harm. Person has hallucinations means false perceptions and illusions means misinterpreted perceptions. From inquiry and observations, it is evident that thought content of Ellen are lavish, teasing and fundamental sexual intimation (Nordgaard et al., 2013). Thought process: Thought process cannot be observed, however it can be inquired from the patient and inferred from the talk of the patient. Thought process can be linear, goal-directed, incidental, lateral, loose associations, confused, vague, racing, jamming, perseveration and neologisms. Thought process of Ellen is fluctuating and it is running from one thought to another. Ellen is confused about timings, however she is well oriented towards place and person. Also, Ellen is low in concentration (Nakash et al., 2015). Insight: Persons perceptive of mental condition can be explored by persons explanation of the problem and awareness of treatment or management alternatives. Persons insight of the mental condition can be understood by recognition of mental illness, agreement or disagreement to the treatment or management and identification of diseased condition like delusions and hallucinations. Insight of mentally ill patient is helpful in planning management of the condition. In case of Ellen, it is difficult to get insight of her condition. In her inquiry to get insight of her condition, Ellen mentioned that she doesnt have any mental health issue and she should stop medications. However, it has been observed that she has serious mental illness (Finney et al., 2016; Nordgaard et al., 2013). In current condition, Ellen can have two risks like social isolation and becoming violent. With the erratic behavior of Ellen, people are trying to distance themselves from Ellen. This social isolation can lead to the chronic diseases. Because in social isolation there is reduced mobility and psychological deprivation due to the diminished cognitive functioning. Due to social isolation family members and surrounding people in the society would not be willing to take care of Ellen. Moreover, caretaker from the external source may abuse Ellen both physically and mentally. As a result, her overall wellbeing would be affected (Metzl, MacLeish, 2015). It is evident that, Ellen became harsh with other customers I the club and exhibited her violent behavior. Persons like Ellen with florid psychotic thoughts, may get violent as compared to other persons. Psychoactive substances use is one of the reasons for the violent behavior of the people and in case of Ellen also it is applicable. Ellen has habit of cigarettes and brandy and at the time of caught by the police also she was intoxicated (WHO, 2012). Nursing care priority Nursing intervention Rational High-risk behaviors (Clinical) Nurse should administer sedative medication to Ellen. Nurse should administer haloperidol or risperidone for acute aggression. Nurse should administer Buspirone for chronic anxiety. These medications helps Ellen to calm down and her aggressive or high risk behavior would not affect other people or harm herself (Walker, 2015; Grahame, 2012). Activities of daily living (ADLs) (Functional) Nurse should assess Ellen for her daily activities by asking her few questions and by observing her daily activities. Based on the information nurse should plan for the daily activities of Ellen. Nurse should assist Ellen in her daily activities on particular time like cooking, eating, wearing clothes, toilet use, taking medication. Nurse should also make Ellen to sleep for sufficient length of time. Nurse should assist or remind Ellen to carry out daily activities on time because, Ellen is disoriented to time and she is incapable to perform her daily activities on time (Walker, 2015; Grahame, 2012). Refusal to take medicine (Satisfaction) Nurse should perform counseling of Ellen about medication use. Nurse should convince Ellen importance of medication. Nurse should encourage Ellen to take medicine on regular basis. Nurse should assure to Ellen that these medications are not going to harm her, rather these medicines would help her to come out of her mental condition and behavior. Ellen is refusing for consumption of medicine. Because she made strong belief that medication is not going to help her, rather it is going to harm her. In the scenario nurse should force her or convince her to take medicine and made her satisfied with the medicine (Walker, 2015; Grahame, 2012). Cost and use of resources (Financial) With the help of social worker, Nurse should try to convince her not to spend more money on unnecessary things. It is evident that Ellen left little fund and she may face scarcity of und for future treatment (Walker, 2015; Grahame, 2012) Attitudes and rights: Ellen should maintain very cardinal relations with the all the society members. She should listen, learn and act according to the suggestions of her family members, her physician and community health workers in her care and recovery process. From this communication she should understand what are the important and useful aspects for the wellbeing of herself, family members and community members. Ellen should change her mentality of being harsh to others and she should be kind to others. Ellen should respect and protects others rights and she should not think only of herself. Ellen should involve in all the social activities around her and she should try to influence others with her positive and creative attitude in cultural and professional activities. With this changed attitude, she would be well received by family and society members and her care would be taken in better way. This builds confidence in Ellen about her future and her future life leads to full of happiness and well-being (www.health.gov.au). References: Finney, G.R., Minagar, A., Heilman, K.M. (2016). Assessment of Mental Status. Neurologic Clinics, 34(1), 1-16. Grahame, S. (2012). Psychological Interventions In Mental Health Nursing. Open University press Metzl, J.M. MacLeish, K.T. (2015). Mental Illness, Mass Shootings, and the Politics of American Firearms. American Journal of Public Health, 105(2), 240249. Nakash, O., Nagar, M., Kanat-Maymon, Y. (2015). Clinical use of the DSM categorical diagnostic system during the mental health intake session. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(7), e862-9. Nordgaard, J., Sass, L.A., Parnas, J. (2013). The psychiatric interview: validity, structure, and subjectivity. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 263(4), 353-64. Recovery Principles. Retrieved from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/mental-pubs-i-nongov-toc~mental-pubs-i-nongov-pri on 26.09.2016. Risks To Mental Health. Retrieved from. https://www.who.int/mental health/mhgap/risks to mental health EN 27 08 12.pdf on 26.09.2016. Walker, S. (2014). Psychosocial Interventions in Mental Health Nursing. SAGE Publications.

Audit standard free essay sample

Under attestation engagement, an evaluation of subject matter would have already been conducted by the responsible party against a set criteria. We will write a custom essay sample on Audit standard or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As this evaluation is usually given in the form of a report issued to the intended users by the responsible party. This report is actually a claim by the responsible party of a fair evaluation of subject matter. On that assertion made by the responsible party practitioner is asked to confirm whether such assertion of evaluation is fair or not. An engagement to ttest the assertions of responsible party is called attestation engagement. And at the conclusion of attest engagement, practitioner will issue a report in which he may word his opinion as follows: Example 1: In our opinion, the responsible partys assertion that forecasts has been prepared on best estimate basis, is fair. Example 2: In our opinion, the responsible partys assertion that internal controls are working effectively, is fair So, from above discussion we understood that attestation ngagements are a sub-set of many different forms of assurance engagement in which a practitioner issues a report to attest the assertions of against a set criteria. However, assurance engagements is Just any engagement in which users degree of confidence of is reinforced which need not to be attestation When dealing in any kind of business, it is very likely that one will, at some point, come across the need for assurance services, attestation services or auditing services. These common accounting practices are needed and used in many different scenarios, and, more ften than not, are performs by licensed certified public accountants, or CPAs as part of a service toa business client. In order . o better figure out which, if any, of these services are needed, it is imperative that one understand the principal differences between the three. An assurance service is usually requested and completed when it is necessary to better gauge a risk and the reliability of the information at hand. This service, which is independently done and usually by a CPA, assesses all of the information and determines how accurate it all is. Based on that outcome, it then determines how much risk is involved if one were to rely solely on that information on which to make a decision. An audit, for example, is a service that can be classified as an assurance service. Attestation services are requested when it is necessary to check the accuracy of someone elses claim about the reliability of information that has been provided. This service, which is sometimes performed by CPAs or attorneys, usually comes in the form of a letter that states whether or not they feel that the nformation provided by another is as accurate as they claim it to be. By attesting to it, they are essentially saying that they believe the information provided to be accurate and trustworthy, thereby lessening any risk associated with its reliability. Auditing services are used to gauge how well a businesses practices and principals are working. An internal audit determines if the rules are being followed and whether the rules in place are beneficial as they are or if change is required to reap greater benefits to the company audit standard By anufly

The genre of Daniel as apocalypse

Introduction Scholars have recognized apocalyptic literature has a distinct class of works since the time of Friedrich Lucke in the early 19th century. However, this field has not progressed like other fields of study i.e. there is a general lack of pseudepigrapha. At the same time, there are also other factors that have hindered the progress in this field.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The genre of Daniel as apocalypse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First, there has been confusion with regard to the use of the word apocalyptic to refer to a collection of literary, social and phenomenological elements. Scholars like Koch, Stone, and Hanson agree that genre of apocalypse should be separated from the apocalypticism and apocalyptic eschatology. Second, Bible scholars did not clearly recognize and label the apocalypse genre in the ancient history. The use of the term apocalypse seems to have originated f rom the last book of the Bible in the New Testament, Revelation. In this context, scholars used the term to refer to a class of writing among the Jewish literature. Third, Jewish apocalypses joined various and distinct literary styles, such as vision, prayers and legends, among others. This has made some scholars claim that the apocalypse is not literary genre but a mixture of compositions (Collins 1998). The literature of Daniel contains full-blown elements of apocalyptic literature in the Bible. Consequently it has received far more attention than any other Jewish apocalypse, but its special status has not always been beneficial. Likewise, scholars have a tendency to view Daniel as the typical example of apocalypse, although, in fact, it represents only itself. On the other hand, there is even now a spirited attempt to separate the canonical book of Daniel from the rest of the apocalypse genre. Attempts to dismiss the non-canonical apocalypses as Daniel’s imitators should b y now be dismissed. There are, however, differences between Daniel apocalypses and other traditions of apocalypse literature like Enoch, some apparent and some real, which require consideration. Some Bible scholars argue that the place of the book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible was because the author presented the work when the writers had closed the prophetic canon.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to them, the significant question is whether or not Daniel belongs with the other prophetic books. Consequently, they have concluded that Daniel is not a prophetic book but an apocalypse and the only one with the full examples in the Hebrew Bible. The genre of Daniel as apocalypse When we take the book of Daniel as a whole, it is an apocalypse book. Specifically, it belongs to the category of historical apocalypse. This category of apocalypse does not involve othe r worldly journey, but uses the strategy of ex eventu prophecy (this is a presentation of previous events as future prophecy) of history and eschatology that is cosmic in scope and has a political dimension. The book gives the revelation in the form of allegorical visions in chapters 7 and 8. It also presents angelic discourses from chapter 9 to 12. Then the angel interprets the visions. The content of the revelation has a review of history in the guise of prophecy and an eschatological crisis in each unit. Daniel 12 explicitly speaks of the resurrection of the dead. The book shows the importance of the heavenly world in the vision of the divine throne in chapter 7 and, the roles of angels and holy ones in chapter 7 and 8 and explicitly in chapter 10 to 12. Daniel combines a number of revelations, each of which we can regard as an apocalypse in itself. Apocalypse is a macro-genre which provides the frame holding various smaller forms together. The narrative framework shows the overa rching unity of Daniel, which establishes Daniel’s identity in chapters 1 to 6 and in chapter 12. In addition, the use of the narrative framework presents a collection of compositions and writings that authors created for different purposes, and in different settings. The use of collection of stories creates unusual genre in Daniel. The ideological tensions between the stories and the subsequent revelations enhance a sense of distinction in Daniel. However, the final form of Daniel shows that these stories simply act as the introduction to the revelations. The dominant form of the whole book is apocalypse. While the subgenres of chapter 1 to 6 are quite distinct from those of 7 to 12, there are some significant continuity in both form and content.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The genre of Daniel as apocalypse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authors present Daniel in the tales as a recipie nt of revelations and as a skilled interpreter of dreams and mysteries. Chapters 7 to 12 present revelations, but Daniel is no longer the interpreter. There are affinities in content between the four-kingdom passages in chapters 2 and 7, and the miraculous deliverances in chapter 3 and 6 are relevant to the situations described in chapter 11. The apocalyptic forms in chapter 7 to 12 represent a new development over and beyond the dream interpretation of chapter 2, and the motifs that carry over from the tales do not determine either the form or the message of the revelations. Only in the case of Daniel 9 can we speak of a midrash. The attempt to present the revelations simply as an outgrowth of the tales is an apologetic strategy intended to mitigate the supposed scandal of pseudonymity. In fact, pseudonymity is a constant feature of the Jewish apocalypses. The classification of Daniel as an apocalypse is full of theological implications. The significance of the genre label is that it points to a context for the interpretation of the individual text. In the case of Daniel, pseudepigraphic works provide the generic context of the various apocalypses in 1 Enoch, 4 Ezra, and 2 Baruch. After these, there is no clear case of another apocalypse in the Hebrew Bible. This analysis is not an attempt to disregard the other valuable literary works of the biblical traditions. However, we can only draw the analogies of Daniel with those of Joseph, or the impacts of Zechariah and Ezekiel on the use of vision in the Bible. All in all, the whole literature of Daniel finds its best parallels in the Pseudepigrapha, and it is in that context that we must understand its literary conventions and function. In short, Daniel cannot be adequately interpreted within the context of the canon alone. The work of Daniel gained prominent in the past. Consequently, some scholars tried to avoid this conclusion by dismissing the non-canonical apocalypses as Daniel’s â€Å"second-rate i mitators.† However, late studies reveal that several parts of 1 Enoch are likely to be older than the revelations of Daniel, and there is surely no reason to regard a book like 4 Ezra as â€Å"second-rate.† When we take due account of the genre, then such matters as pseudonymity and ex eventu prophecy are no longer theological problems, but conventions which indicate the nature and function of the book.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The successions and the world empires in Daniel Arnaldo Momigliano has significantly studied the connection between the literature of Daniel and the Greek world. Momigliano looks at the issue of how Daniel used the Greek historiography in his Biblical works. First, we must show that the concept of imperial succession existed in Greek historiography. In fact, succession is a recurring theme in Greek literature. We can look at successions from Herodotus and Ctesias. These successions exist in history of Asia in the empires of Persia and Assyria, among others (Niskanen 2004). We can recognize the contact between the book of Daniel and the Roman and Greek historiographic tradition with the four-kingdom pattern in the second book of Daniel, which contains the four images of metals which decrease with worth. Scholars argue that these images could be Greek in origin. The records of these metals are in Hesiod who talks of four ages as four metals with decreasing worth together with the fift h age of heroes. In addition, the four metals are in the arrangements that are similar to the one we see in Daniel. Meaning behind the imagery of the metals shows the declining age in human history is the same as the meaning in the vision and dream of Daniel. These connections and interpretations show that it is during the time of Nebuchadnezzar or Neo-Babylonian Empire that as the age in which human history declines. However, the interpretation of the dream vision does not imply this conclusion. The setting of book of Daniel Apocalypse discussion must separate between the ostensible setting of the text and the real setting in which the writers composed and used the text. The ostensible setting of Daniel is in the Exile during the 6th century. These events occur at the successive kingdoms of Babylon, Media, and Persia (LaSor 1996). In Daniel 1-6, the setting creates a paradigmatic setting to show how Jews can preserve their religious integrity in the service of Gentile kings. The mo st probable time of composition of these stories is the third or early second century B.C. The four kingdom sequence, which is explicit in Daniel 2, and implied by the introduction of Darius the Mede before Cyrus of Persia, points to a date in the Hellenistic period (under the Greek kingdom). The allusion to intermarriage in 2:43 most probably refers to one of the dynastic marriages between the Ptolemies and the Seleucids. The Greek names of instruments in Daniel 3 also suggest the Hellenistic period. Since there is no clear allusion to Antiochus Epiphanes in the tales, we must assume that the author composed the book before the events of his reign. It is likely that the tales of Daniel had a long prehistory. Scholars suggest that the origin of traditions in the literature of Daniel seems to be in the eastern Diaspora. However, whether or not these traditions attained their present status there or in Judea are less certain. There are no doubts that the author composed the revelation s in Judea, and so we must assume that travelers brought the tales from the Diaspora during some times in history. We can specify the setting of Daniel evidently with the wise teachers who play a crucial role in Daniel 11. As we have noted above, the book identifies Daniel as a wise teacher in chapter 1. Wise teachers are the heroes of persecution, and they will shine like the stars in the resurrection (12:3) (Longman and Raymond 2006). Scholars the Bible suggest that the book of Daniel shows continuity between different chapters, and the circles that wrote the visions, particularly chapter 1-6. The fact that Daniel and his companions were wise teachers supports this idea. Therefore, the heroes in chapter 11 relate to the heroes of the Exile. While the tales are congruent with the visions in significant respects (the deliverance from death, the idea of mysterious revelation), it is not apparent that the wise teachers of the Maccabean era would have picked up the older Diaspora tales if they were not conscious of continuity with the origins of these tales. Therefore, we may suppose then that the authors of the visions had education, and indeed the visions show a better knowledge of Hellenistic history and familiarity with ancient mythological imagery. By virtue of their education they presumably belonged to the urban upper class, although they were not necessarily wealthy. The visions show a greater affinity with the prophetic tradition than do the tales, especially in the development of the vision form and interest in apocalyptic eschatology. The shift in interest is presumably due to the new situation and does not require a change in the makeup of the group. Some scholars have also argued for the influence from the Leviticus circles with a strongly Deuteronomy theology. Some scholars like Lebram propose different ways of looking at the teachers as wise men or scribes. Lebram argues that it is priestly circles in Jerusalem that wrote the book of Daniel and the ir focuses were mainly in the Hellenistic reform. In this context, Lebram’s main argument is that the temple plays a central role in Daniel and that the disruption of the cult is the author’s primary concern (Collins 1998). In addition, Lebram notes that the periods in history and the scope of the book have the characteristics of priestly work. This thesis fits well with other scholars like Steck who note that the tales originated in the Jerusalem theocracy, but these two claims are independent of each other. However, Lebram claim is not apparent. Therefore, we cannot conclude that temples dominated Daniel’s visions to the extent that Lebram claims. The great vision in chapter 7 does not even refer to it explicitly. The profanation of the temple by Antiochus imprinted itself on the minds of all Jews of the age. We cannot conclusively write that only priests had interests in recording historic periods or cosmic chronology. We can establish this in chapter 11 by i dentifying priestly characteristics of the wise teachers. We can identify elements of cultic language in connection with the deaths of priests, but the characterization of the wise teachers emphasizes their wisdom and their role as teachers. Intentions in the apocalypse of Daniel The intention of Daniel in its historical setting is surely to exhort and console the faithful Jews in the face of persecution. The narrations in Daniel 1-6 clearly show that intention, particularly the story of the fierce fire and the lions’ den. However, the original setting gives us the life of Diaspora that demonstrates how we can combine fidelity to the Jewish law and service of the king. The content of the exhortation is complete fidelity to the Jewish law, even at the risk of death. This message is constant throughout the book. Daniel and his companions, as well as the wise teachers clearly demonstrate this concept. The message in Daniel’s book acquires complete new meaning. The wise te achers give their lives to the service of the Lord, and the tales arouse a sense of wonder and miraculous happenings. This suggests that fidelity, even at the risk of death, may be the key to the advancement and success. Daniel and his companions must believe in a supernatural world of angels we see through visions and dreams. This idea suggests that human beings can only get solutions to their problems from the supernatural world. However, the ultimate solution is not preservation from death but rather resurrection and exaltation in an afterlife (Niskanen 2004). In the Book of Daniel, the Kingdom of God defines human history and set ups. In Daniel 2, we see that it is God who removes kings and sets up kings (2:21). It is only the wise teachers such as Daniel who can understand such revelations. These tales show us that, in the end, God will set up a kingdom that will never be destroyed or left to anybody (2:44). However, God is giving human beings a chance to dominate the world kin gdoms. The visions reveal that the human kingdoms rebel against God but the wise teachers confirm the divine sovereignty through their revelations. God gives the kingdom to â€Å"the people of the saints of the Most High.† The formulation here suggests that there is another dimension to human history. Humanity will receive the kingdom in a heavenly judgment, and the â€Å"saints† or angels play a role in it. The setting of the book of Daniel reflects an exile setting. This setting plays a significant role in apocalypse literature. It conceals the real historical situation beneath the crisis happenings of the past. This technique helps scholars to put the present into analysis perspective. The exile setting provides the occasion for an ex eventu prophecy. In this context, the prophets have foretold the prophecy and thus predetermined the events. The fictitious setting also opens the book up to repeated applications, long after the crisis under Antiochus Epiphanes had pa ssed. Ultimately the book addresses not only one particular crisis but a recurring type. For instance, we can interpret the prophecy of the four kingdoms such that the fourth was not Greece but Rome. This suggests that historical interpretation cannot exhaust the setting, and function of the apocalypse by a single historical referent. Classification of apocalypse literature of Daniel In 1980, Klaus Koch reviewed the literature of Daniel and listed a minimum of five categories that scholars often propose as the overall classification of Daniel. These classifications include the legend, court tale, midrash, and aretalogical narrative. These categories depend on different aspects and levels of the stories. However, in Koch’s classification, he forgot to mention the broadest and most basic genre of these chapters: the story or tale. We can define a story or a tale as a narrative that creates interest by arousing tension or suspense and resolving it. Koch may have forgotten this c ategory because it is so obvious and usually ignored (Niskanen 2004). Conversely, most critical scholars take for granted that the genre is not history. This assumption does not rest on the mistaken allusions to Belshazzar as king of Babylon or to Darius the Mede. This is because inaccuracy is compatible with the genre of history writing. Rather it rests on two observations. First, critical analysis reveals that the stories show stereotypical patterns common in the folklore of the world. In this context, the aim of folklore is not capturing historical data but rather to pleasing, evaluating, inspiring and moving people. Therefore, historical accuracy is incidental and not necessary element of this genre. Second, stories frequently introduce marvelous elements, such as the writing on the wall or the transformation of Nebuchadnezzar, which suggest that their purpose is to inspire the wonders rather than to record facts. Occasional use of hymns enhances this impression, which expresses appreciation of wonders. These stories often have elements of fairy tales. The use of marvelous elements to inspire wonder is the point of analogy between the tales in Daniel and the legend. Legend is a traditional narrative set in a mysterious world of fantasy, provoking sympathy for the principal figure. The crucial element here is the prominence of the fantasy world. No one would argue that the narratives of Daniel as they now stand are legend. This is because their narrative world is predominantly realistic. However, they contain legend-type motifs, such as the writing on the wall. Several of these stories may have evolved from earlier forms, particularly in the case of Daniel 4. The mysterious world of fantasy is also directly relevant to two other categories, the legend and the aretalogical narrative. We may define legend as a narrative primarily concerned with the wonderful experiences and aimed at edification. It has no specific structure as such and is not primarily concer ned with narrative interest. It often inculcates wonder and dread for holy places or respect for individuals who may be models of virtue. Some scholars provide a narrower definition of legends about Biblical occurrences. A legend is a narrative, which expresses a virtue embodied in a deed and focuses on the element of imitation. These scholars have taken the stories of Daniel 1-6 as a case in point. They portray the virtue of fidelity embodied in a variety of deeds, and focus on a call in going and doing likewise (Zuck 1991). The focus on imitation serves to delimit the works by exclusion of, e.g., cult legends. The authors imply the call for imitation clearly enough in Daniel 1, 3, and 6. It is not apparent, however, that when Daniel interprets the king’s dream or deciphers the writing on the wall anyone can meaningfully be expected to go and do likewise. Conversely, all the stories that fall under the broader category of narratives focus on the wonderful and aim at edificat ion. The fact that some of the stories focus on heroic individuals, particularly in Daniel chapters 3 and 6, reflect characteristics of those legends that illustrate the lives of the saints (Zuck 1991). The aretalogical narrative and legend are close to each other since both of them focus on wonderful and miraculous acts. However, scholars accept legend in that designation than aretalogical narrative. The relative simplicity of these stories characterizes them as legends rather than as novellas, which typically involve subplots and interweaving motifs. Some scholars argue that the distinct designation martyr legend in Daniel 3 and 6 is not appropriate since the stories do not involve martyrdom. However, it is apparent that the difference between legend and aretalogical novella is almost negligible. They conclude that aretalogical novella is an elaborate legend narrated artfully. The court tale is different among the categories of genres in Daniel. It delimits the category of a story or tale by referring to a given setting. Court tale shows the story of adventures at the royal court. Court tale also has different subtypes of court tales that we can distinguish by variations in plots. We can find these plots in other folktales. However, in situations where there are no court settings, we can find these tales elaborated in different ways in legends, sagas, or novellas. This categorisation cuts across the form forms of categories. This is because it depends on the setting and plot rather than on the narrative world and intention. Court tales are useful and valid classification. We note this because they indicate most immediate context of these tales in ancient Near Eastern literature by pointing up affinities of Daniel with Joseph, Esther, Ahiqar, a story of three pages in Ezra 3 with tales of Near Eastern courts in Herodotus and Ktesias. However, we should not use court tales to replace legends. Instead, we should see them as complementary designation that furthe r indicates the genre of these stories. In addition, we can further classify court tales as contest and conflict. There is also a category of Diaspora novella. Scholars proposed this category in the cases of Joseph and Esther. This is because authors set Jewish court tales in the Diaspora. This is significant for the history of the genre studies. We can find illustrations in the three Maccabees. This category loses sight of non-Jewish parallels such as Ahiqar. However, it has the advantage of focusing attention on the Jewish setting of the tales. Therefore, we can specify that the overall genre of the tales in Daniel 1 to 6 as court legends, or legends in a court setting. Lastly, the category of midrash takes its point of departure in the biblical text and exists for the sake of explaining that text. It is not enough that a work makes use of biblical allusions alone. French scholars such as Delcor, Gaide, Lacocque have favoured characterization of Daniel 1 to 6 as midrash. So they r egard these tales as midrash and make a comparison to the story of Joseph. We know the parallels between the stories of Joseph and Daniel. Therefore, we cannot use a story to explain the existence of another one. The influence of biblical motifs and terminology are considerable factors in the tales with regard to intention and sources, but they do not determine their genre (Vaux 1984). Conclusion Biblical scholars have considered the literature of Daniel as a full-fledged example of apocalypse literature in the Hebrew Bible. This does not imply that there are no other books fitting this genre. The book of Daniel stands out because of the obvious futures of apocalypse literature. We can identity these features through settings, intentions, classifications and relations to the world empires. Reference List Collins, John. 1998. The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature, 2nd ed. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. LaSor, William. 1996. Old Testam ent Survey: The Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. Longman, Tremper and Raymond Dillard. 2006. An Introduction to the Old Testament, 2nd Ed. Michigan: Zondervan. Niskanen, Paul. 2004. The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel. New York: TT Clark International. Vaux, Roland de. 1984. Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Zuck, Roy. 1991. A Biblical Theology of the Old Testament. Chicago: Moody Publishers. This research paper on The genre of Daniel as apocalypse was written and submitted by user Nevaeh Bass to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Modernist Angst- Misogyny essays

Modernist Angst- Misogyny essays The position of women in society has been exemplified in literature as misogynist, and although things have started to change in the last hundred years or so, one sees that women are still portrayed in a poor light. In essence, the idea of women being contemptuous, having a blatant disregard for authority dates back to Eve. Eve coaxed Adam to eat from the tree of knowledge and for such defiance, God punished both Adam and Eve, however, it was Eves punishment that cursed her (and the rest of womankind) to the role of a scapegoat. It is not hard to imagine people routinely murmuring that it was Eves fault, that it is Eves fault, or that is it will always be Eves fault for the role of women and the decline of masculinity. As for men, they have been cursed to dominate the world with the role of a stolid breadwinner. Just as this bible story has not changed to create a better depiction of Eve as less beguiling, less evil, and more caring, neither have Modernist writers who have woven societal tales of social strife. The depiction of women as conniving and despicable has not come through more clearly anywhere than in the Modernist period where women were portrayed as the Dark Horses, the archetypal forces behind social chaos and self-affliction. The depiction of women as the Dark Horses is not just confined to British novels. The American satire by Edith Wharton, The House of Mirth, aptly founds itself on a series of social events that create the same Dark Horses. Indeed, most of the interaction between the characters in the novel happens not by coincidence but by planning. Everyone plans trips to the Bellomont knowing that they will spend their time gambling, and Lily, the main character, plans all of her trips with the intent of getting something out of someone. The various visits, then, are the grounds on which the entire social analyses and gossip take place. The...

Jesus the Jew and Christianity Origin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jesus the Jew and Christianity Origin - Essay Example According to the documentary film, Jesus is a Jew, historical person born during the Roman occupation in the town of Bethlehem, in the Nation of Israel. Jesus’ father, Joseph, was from the town of Bethlehem which was a royal town of King David.Joseph was from the lineage of King David, whose family had been promised a messiah. For Jesus to fulfill this promise, He had to be born a Jew. Jesus was, therefore, a direct descendant of King David who was a Jew. Jesus would later be circumcised and baptized according to Jewish traditions. He also believed in the Mosaic Law and preached in Galilee which was entirely Jewish. Apostles would later spread the gospel from Jerusalem to Africa, to South America and from Syria to Britain. Paul was very instrumental in the spread of the Gospel especially throughout the Roman Empire and Europe and wrote 14 letters of the New Testament. The focus now changed from Jerusalem to other areas and for the first time, the followers of Jesus Christ were called Christians in Antioch.

Dynamics involved in gay and lesbian intimate partner abuse Essay

Dynamics involved in gay and lesbian intimate partner abuse - Essay Example The literature points out that the frequency of domestic violence in same-sex relationships has been equal to that in heterosexual relationships a hypothesis that stands a chance of being proven right or wrong. Domestic violence in same-sex relationships is in relation to same-gender relationships. Historically, the failure to evaluate the violence involved within same-sex relationships has been due to social stigma, discrimination, homophobia and gender based myths among other issues (Lundry and Leventhal, 1999). These issues provided a barrier which stops such incidences from being reported. It is so unfortunate how partners in these relationships have been suffering in silence due to the society’s ignorance. There are quite a number of issues which influence the response to domestic violence within a same sex relationship. These issues act as barriers in the way of reporting such incidences to the relevant authority such as the police. The first issue is the wall of silence. A common observation is that silence surrounds issues of domestic violence. People prefer to ignore rather than talk about the incidences. Bigne and Wetchler (2004) reveal that the incidences of domestic violence have for a long time been treated as a taboo among the lesbians and gays. This can be attributed to the denial of the problem such that victims resort to keeping quite. This is clearly the most effective way of promoting violence in the respective same-sex relationships. It is important to note two factors which contribute to the state of silence. Moriarty (2008) reveals that the privacy within such intimate relationships is one factor. This common realm of intimate relationships shuns external interference such that partners do not entertain intruders. The fact that these relationships are based on pillars of privacy, state regulation is quite difficult. Various governments find it difficult to get involved in to private businesses of its

Current Issues in Law and HR Course Work Essay Example for Free

Current Issues in Law and HR Course Work Essay Organizations are considered to be the most incentive, social arrangement of today. It’s considered a marvel to know that thousands of people with individual backgrounds, skills and interests are coordinated into various organizations, so that they can pursue their common institutionalized goals and objectives. The historians of the future see today’s organizations as the greatest achievement of our time and era. For example biogenetic engineering have had some breakthroughs. The Apollo mission to the moon was made possible by the organization called NASA. Even on day to day basis organizations play an important role in our lives. The water we drink to the food we eat or the clothes we wear all comes from different kinds of organizations Human resource is defined by many companies as a combination of the administrative functions with the performance of the company’s employees and their relations along with the company’s planning. Human resource basically develops mostly from industrial and organizational behaviour. The major function that are included in HRM are recruitment, selection, training and development, orientation, placement, separation, career planning, performance appraisal, salaries and wages, incentives and gain-sharing, benefits, services and security and employee relations and assessment. The term human resource basically refers to the people of the company. The manager of the company engages in HR because the HR activities and tasks are considered to be an important part of the company. It basically helps the company to achieve the goals and the objectives that are set for them by the management. As you all know that human resource activities also make a large contribution to the company’s success in many ways but the HR activities mostly support the strategies of the organization. The HR department basically exists to support the managers and the employees of the company and to pursue the company’s goal or objectives (Werther Davis 1996). The major challenges that would be faced by the organization are as follows: †¢ Population-growth challenges †¢ Global Competitive Challenges †¢ Unemployment Challenges †¢ Social Responsibility Challenges †¢ Medical, Food, Housing Challenges †¢ Unknown Challenges †¢ Ethical Challenges †¢ Workforce Diversity Challenges The objectives of the HR department are based on societal, organizational, functional and personal goals. It is known that the objectives of the company are not formally stated that is they are not in the written form. The objective of the human resource management not only reflects the intention of the middle and top management but also balances the challenges that are faced by the HR department. Objectives are basically considered as benchmarks against which the actions can be evaluated. The human resource objectives not only reflect the intention of the management but also balance the organizational challenges, the HR function and the people who are affected by it. If the company fails to succeed in its objectives it would harm the company’s profits, performance and even the survival of the firm. As we know that there are four objectives that are common to the HR management. The objectives are as follows: 1. Organizational Objective: which basically recognizes that the HR management exists and it contributes to the organizational effectiveness. The HR department basically exists so that it can help managers of the company to achieve the objectives and goals of the company. HR management only supports the managers with the human resource issues. If we put is simply the HR department only exist solely to help assist the rest of the company. 2. Functional Objective: which basically states that this objective solely exists to maintain the department’s input at a level that is considered relevant to company’s needs. A relation exists between the objectives and the HR activities and they are appraisal of the employee, placement and assessment of the employee. 3. Societal Objective: this objective shows that the company has to be ethically and socially responsive to the needs and challenges of the society while the company minimizes the negative impacts of such demands on the organization 4. Personal Objective: shows that the HR management helps assisting the employees in achieving their goals and objectives. And these goals enhance the individual’s contribution towards the organization. To achieve these goals the HR department help the managers of the company to obtain, maintain, utilize and retain the right amount and types of workers. The objectives of the employees must be met otherwise the employees would not be motivated, retained and maintained by the HR department of the company. And the employees would neglect their jobs, voice their complaints or maybe leave the organization for a better opportunity (Werther Davis 1996). It is not necessary that all the organization can meet the HR objectives every time. Some sort of trade-offs do occur that stops the company in achieving the stated goals and objectives. When the objectives are net by the department, they make a huge contribution towards the organization’s and employees needs. And with the help of these objectives the managers are able to see the kinds of activities that are needed to be carried out and why. There is a relationship that exists between the objectives and the activities of the HR. For example, for the societal objective the supporting activities would be legal compliance, union and management relations and benefits of the employees. For the organizational objective the supporting activities would be HR planning, employee relations, selection, training and development, appraisal, placement and assessment. For functional objective the supporting activities would be performance appraisal, placement, assessment and development of the employees. And for personal objective the supporting activities would be training and development, performance appraisal, placement, assessment and compensation of the employees. The HR activities are considered as actions that are taken by the department to maintain a workforce balance that is considered as appropriate to the organization’s needs. For example, small companies who do have the HR department have small budgets and small staffs therefore the HR department of such companies only focus on the activities that they consider are important for the company. The functions or activities that are considered important for such companies would be planning, recruitment, and wages and salaries of the employees. The functions that are performed by the HR department of the organization are as follows: Planning is the first activity that is conducted by the department. Planning can be defined as the systematic forecast that determines the company’s future and the demand and supply of the employees that would be needed by the organization. HR planning is also known as employees planning which helps the HR department and other managers of the company to develop staffing plans so that they would go along with the strategy of the company. it is important that the company is staffed with the right amount of people so that the strategic operational and functional goals of the company can be met. It has been realized by a lot companies that the HR plans are very important if the organization wants to have strategic success. For example, companies like Nokia and Apple it is important to have strategic plans because it would help the companies by developing new products and introducing them as quickly as possible in the market. It is only possible when the company is staffed with the right kind of people. Without the right people strategy based opportunities would be lost to a better staffed organization like Motorola and IBM (Werther Davis 1996). Recruitment is one of the important activities of the HR department. Recruitment is mostly concerned with attracting and finding individuals who are capable for employment. The recruitment process begins s when the new recruits are sought and this process ends when the applicant submits and application. People who find new recruits are called recruiters. The process of hiring is faced with some limitations like costs, incentives, job requirements, policies of the company, environment conditions, insufficient and scarce resources and EEO legislation etc. Recruitment is done in two ways 1) internal channel which includes job posting program and departing employees 2) External channel which includes advertising, walk-in and write-ins, employee referrals, state employment agencies, open house, international recruiting, temporary help agencies and leased employees etc (Recruitment Process) Selection is one of the activities of the HR department. Selection is defined as a process that is based on specific steps that are used to describe that which individual should be hired. This process starts when the individual applies for the job and it ends when the final decision is made by the management of the company. the selection process is also faced with some limitations like EEO legislation, Workforce diversity and external prohibitions etc. ( The Selection Process). The selection process is based on eight steps and these steps are as follows:- †¢ Preliminary reception of applications †¢ Employment tests †¢ Selection interview †¢ Preference and background checks †¢ Medical tests †¢ Supervisory interview †¢ Realistic job preview †¢ Hiring decision Orientation, Placement and Separation is considered to be an activity of HRM. Orientation can be defined as when the new recruits are given an overview of the company on the first day of work. The orientation program of the company is based on the following goals 1) the pride of belonging to the company 2) creates awareness about the company’s business 3) emphasize on customer focus and service 4) helps to reduce the concerns that are related to the job 5) helps with development of a team member and 6) helps to establish personal growth etc. Placement can be defined as the work activities that are assigned to a new employee. The role of HR department here is that to advice the managers of the company about the rules and the regulations and it also provide counseling to the employees. Placement is based on 3 classes 1) promotion, transfer and demotion. Separation can be defined as a decision where the individual and the company must part. Separation process starts either the employer or the employee. The role of HR department is to find a method which is satisfactory for conducting a separation in such a way that it reduces the harmful factors that might affect the company. Training Development is concerned with that placing the employees in a job does not give the company the surety that the individual would be successful in his or her job. Training and development programs are considered important for all the employees. The distinction between training and development is that training is for now and development is for the future. For example at Corning Glass there are a lot of learning opportunities that range from skilled orientation training to seminars that deal with development issues, they basically help the managers to face the issues that might arise in the future. The employees of the company are not bothered that the class is intended for training or development. It is only concerned with whether the program has helped the employees and the organization or not (Training and Development). Training and development are based on the following steps: †¢ Need assessment †¢ Learning principles †¢ Program content †¢ Training and development objectives There are some challenges that are faced by HR department due to training and development. For example cost effectiveness, desired program content, learning principles and appropriateness of the facilities etc. The role of HR department over here is that it helps to prepare the individuals for future job responsibilities. And it also attempts stops the employees from obsolesce, work force diversity, technological changes, affirmation action and employee turnover etc. (Werther Davis 1996) Career planning is one of the activities of the HRM. When the department is doing career planning it is mostly concerned with whether the company’s training and development programs has helped the employees with promotion chances or not. A couple of decades ago career planning was seen as an individual’s problem but now career planning is seen as the HR department’s problem. The HR managers and specialist see career planning as a way to meet the internal staffing needs. The involvement of the HR department in career planning is increasing everyday due to its benefits like low turnover, satisfies the needs of the employees, personal growth, helps with workforce diversity and decrease hoarding etc. Performance appraisal is one of the major activities of HRM. Performance appraisal can be defined as evaluating an employee’s current or past performances relative to his or her performance standard. In this competitive world companies require a high performance so that they can become dominant leaders in their perspective markets. And at the same time employees also need feedback on their performance so that it can act as a guide for their future behavior and responsibilities. There are some challenges that are faced by the HR department regarding the performance appraisal like legal constraints, rater’s biases regarding the employee based on halo effect or personal prejudice or even cross cultural biases etc. It has been vied been viewed by the experts that when there is poor performance throughout the company it creates huge problems with the human resource management activities(Grote Grote 1996). Wages and Salaries are concerned with compensation. Compensation can be defined as something the employees receive in their return of their input to the organization. Without proper compensation the employees of the company would leave and it would be difficult for the company to hire new recruits. The result of pay dissatisfaction can harm the productivity of the company and can also harm the quality of work life as well. There are some challenges that affect the compensation plan like wage rates, union, constraints by the government and equal pay etc. ( Salary and Wages) Security, Safety and Health is considered a challenge for the HR experts that how to comply proactively with the minimum costs for the organization and to provide with the minimum of costs for the organization and to provide the greatest of benefits to its employees, whereas in the area of employee security and health companies have taken a proactive action. It is the role of the HR department to face the challenges that arise overtime. The HR is usually faced with 2 kinds of challenges: 1) Internal challenges which are also the organizational challenges. Internal challenges for example would include union, information systems, organizational conflicts between the company and the employees. 2) External challenges are those problems that exist due to the changing environment and the management has no control over it. Change in the company’s environment actually evolves at different kinds of rates. External challenges would include workforce diversity, technology, economics and government. The HR department has to follow 4 steps so that they can overcome the external challenges. They are as follows: †¢ Monitor the environment †¢ Evaluate the impact of the challenges on the company †¢ Take proactive measures that is implement approaches that would help the company to achieve its goals †¢ Obtain and analyze the feedback. It is the role of the HR department to achieve a balance between the trade-offs of efficiency and effectiveness. For example when jobs are under specialized the job design may be simplified by decreasing the number of tasks and if the job is over specialized the number of job tasks can be enriched and expanded by the human resource department.