Comparison of Chinese and Western Advertising

Examination of Chinese and Western Advertising Promoting isn't just a monetary wonder, yet in addition a social marvel, which is a kaleidoscope, the impression of social culture. Etymologists Wallace called the advertisements as the most socially portrayed social language among all the talks. Culture is a compound sum, and each network has its own special culture. What's more, language is a significant piece of culture, which reflects the history and social foundation of a nation, just as contains the countries way of life and thinking style. In other words, the improvement of language has amassed bountiful culture, the composition of which mirrors the most significant implication of culture. In this manner, as a piece of language, unavoidably, ad language can be impacted by culture. This proposition investigates into the social contrasts among China and western nations reflected in promoting language, so as to make correspondence among China and western regions a lot simpler. [Key Words] Advertisement; Cultural Differences; Values; National Trait I. Presentation In the period of data, promoting has become a significant wellspring of data for present day life. With the globalization of the economy, publicizing is turning into an overall business movement these days. As various types of culture clashed with one another, any business promoting can work in the data passing on products, yet additionally have a crucial social scattering. Diverse social foundations, various qualities breed distinctive promoting inventiveness. The examination is endeavored to investigate the social contrasts among China and western nations through different models, to show signs of improvement comprehension of the creating pattern of promoting both at home and abroad. Language is the mirror and impression of culture. As an extraordinary sort of articulation of language, ad, with no uncertainty, cannot be isolated from language. Along these lines, it was brought into the world with a profound print of culture definitely. With respect to the social contrasts, various researchers have attempted to clarify it in various perspectives. In the past on the investigation of social contrasts in publicizing, individuals would in general pick the point of view of phonetics, concentrating on the jargon, linguistic structure and manner of speaking character, however it isn't constrained to language yet rather a social marvel. Numerous scholastics are attempting to investigate social contrasts in commercial among China and western nations. The Dutch researcher G Hofstede who took three measurements to dissect East-West social contrasts: independence and cooperation self-reference and ethnocentricity, shading signs and images, were increasingly effective. Numerou s Chinese researchers likewise did some exploration from an assortment of edges here, for example, Niu Xiaojuan, Xu Dezhen, etc. Based on the formers, the creator gathered an enormous number of materials, attempting to talk about social contrasts in notice among China and western nations. Ad is a piece of culture. Culture incorporates reasoning, thinking, conduct, social brain science, morals, customs, conventions and strict convictions of history, etc. The writer have perused a great deal of books and gathered countless materials concerning this examination. In this the creator just picks a few parts of culture to examine and investigate the contrasts among China and western nations. II. Meanings of Culture Advertisement 2.1 Culture Culture, a hot issue at home and abroad, is a muddled, multidimensional, and nonrepresentational subject. As indicated by the definition from The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (Crystal, 1997: 784), culture is the coordinated example of human information, conviction and conduct. Culture characterized comprises of language, thoughts, customs, convictions, establishments, instruments, procedures, restrictions, and show-stoppers, customs, services, and other related segments. Furthermore, Hurford (1987: 315) characterizes culture as the most broad idea to depict the conduct of person and history. It alludes to numerous things at various degrees of all inclusive statement: thoughts, values, feelings, activities, inclinations and aggregations. Truth be told, in spite of the fact that there are several meanings of culture, anthropologists concur that the educated methods of acting and adjusting are remembered for the way of life, as differentiated to carry on standards of conduct of senses. Social researchers partition culture into a few gatherings like family, governmental issues, financial matters, instruction and religion. Culture and language are associating with one another. Culture can not be talked about without language utilized in it. As per Kirkpatrick (1995: 271-295), culture alludes to The existence way and its appearances that are explicitly to a network that utilizes a specific language as its methods for articulation. Culture is a reflection idea; it incorporates nearly everything, regardless of material or profound. Language is the statement of culture. Various dialects have its distinctive social implications. It is constrained to acknowledge assorted variety culture, particularly the otherworldly degree. In any case, Language is the most significant establishment of the exchange of culture. One perspective is, as the essential piece of culture, language conveys culture, reflects culture, and creates culture. Another angle is language is affected by culture profoundly in numerous parts of our life. 2.2 Advertisement There are numerous definitions for commercial; American Marketing Association characterizes promoting as the non-individual correspondence of data normally paid for and typically convincing in nature about items, administrations or thoughts by dandified support through different media. With the advancement of innovation and globalization, commercial is gone through into each angle in different styles and turning into a rigueur part of our every day life. The notice is a business movement in the market economy for the picture of endeavors and the brand of an item. The clients, as the crowd of the promotion, are illuminated by various social condition in their musings and cognizance. Promoting language, including publicizing words and pictures, is an unconventional type of language, and the distinction decided its nearby bond with culture. Hence the notice writers are slanted to plan the promotions based on great comprehension of the social qualities and rack their cerebrums to make the advertisements taking into account the clients social brain science through language aptitudes and extravagant pictures. Despite what might be expected, as a matter of course, we could understand the social contrasts through differed commercials. III. Social Differences in Advertisements among China and Western Counties Today, with the improvement of the innovation and the spread of the broad communications, publicizing has a generally impact to our every day life. Nonetheless, whatever advancing methodologies promoting organizations use, the language is the principle transporter of the message. As Vestergaard Schroder (1985: 246) call attention to, promoting takes numerous structures, however in the vast majority of them language is of essential significance. Publicizing language is introduced in a style that has quick contact with the purpose of fast influence. On the planet showcase, the interpretation of promoting language is basic for the viable transmission of publicizing and hence the offer of items. Nonetheless, before the interpretation is attempted, having a decent information on both the comparative and various attributes of publicizing language utilized in the West and in China is an unquestionable requirement. In this area the creator might want to discuss it in the accompanying perspec tives. 3.1 Values Social qualities is a standard that individuals judge the great and the terrible, the excellent and the appalling, the commendable and the contemptible, the clean and the messy, the right and an inappropriate, the sort and the savage, the equitable and the vile, the nice and the disgusting, etc. Clinician Henry Murray characterized that worth is the mental impression of fundamental requests, which ought to be changed by this present reality. In other words esteems are a sort of thought energetic for something. In this area the creator like to discuss it in the accompanying viewpoints. 3.1.1 Individual versus Collectivity As a rule, western culture energizes singular direction that is progressively worried about their own advantages, just as individual victories and accomplishments, and is narcissistic, with accentuation on close to home respect, and supports and acclaims the individuals who have riches to the difficulties and challenges of individuals. By correlation, the eastern countries show progressively various leveled bunches direction and the direction of the general interests of country and unmistakable family, with specific accentuation on discovering family interests and family morals and organizing relations. In this way, the conventional Chinese culture perceives the estimation of the person, to a limited degree, from people and gatherings (family, strict and national) such social contrast is a reasonable sign in publicizing home and abroad. China is a huge conventional farming social example, so it centers around the Chinese social framework cooperation, legitimate character. Chinese individuals have solid energetic sentiments, underscoring national confidence, self-conviction. The accompanying models are slanted to outline this view. Zhonghua toothpaste: à ¥Ã¢ Ã¢ Ã£ ¥Ã¢ ¹Ã¢'㠩⠣å ½Ã£ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢ ¨Ã£ ¥Ã¥ ½Ã¢â‚¬ 㠧⠨†¹Ã£ ¯Ã¢ ¼Ã¥'㠤⠸⠭㠥⠍å ½Ã£ ¦Ã¢ °Ã¢ ¸Ã£ ¨Ã¢ ¿Ã¥Ã£ ¥Ã¥Ã¢ ¨Ã£ ¦Ã«â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ£ ¥Ã¢ ¿Ã¦'㠤⠸â ­ (Hu Zhongli, Zhu LijuanWang Yafei, 2007). 10 years of high points and low points, China always in our souls The promotions not just show this brand appreciates long periods of fame yet in addition communicates that Chinese individuals love their country through the homophonic play on words. The accompanying models are no exemption to this standard. à §Ã¢ ¾Ã¥ ½Ã£ ¨Ã¢ Ã¢ ±Ã£ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ⠰㠧⠮â ± MeiLing cooler à ¤Ã¢ ¸Ã¢ ­Ã£ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢ ½Ã£ ¤Ã¢ ºÃ¢ ºÃ£ §Ã¥ ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã£ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¥ ¸Ã£ ¦Ã¢'⠻㠯⠼å'ã�

Fun Family History Activities for Family Reunions

Fun Family History Activities for Family Reunions In the same way as other families, you and your family members may have made arrangements to get together this mid year. What an extraordinary open door for sharing stories and family history. Give one of these 10 fun family ancestry exercises an attempt at your next family gathering to get individuals talking, sharing and having some good times. Memory T-Shirts In the event that you have more than one part of a more distant family going to your gathering, think about distinguishing each branch with an alternate hued shirt. To additionally consolidate the family ancestry topic, filter in a photograph of the branchs ancestor and print it out on an iron-on move with identifiers, for example, Joes Kid or Joes Grandkid. These shading coded photograph shirts make it simple to tell initially who is identified with who. Shading coded family tree informal IDs offer a progressively cheap variety. Photograph Swap Welcome participants to bring their old, notable family photographs to the get-together, including pictures of individuals (incredible, extraordinary grandpa), places (chapels, burial ground, the old estate) and even past reunions. Urge everybody to mark their photographs with the names of the individuals in the photo, the date of the photograph, and their own name and an ID number (an alternate number to recognize every photograph). On the off chance that you can get a volunteer to carry a scanner and PC a CD copier, at that point set up a filtering table and make a CD of everyones photographs. You can even urge individuals to bring more photographs by offering a free CD for each 10 photographs contributed. The remainder of the CDs you can offer to intrigued relatives to help settle expenses of the checking and CD copying. In the event that your family isnt very well informed, at that point set up a table with the photographs and incorporate information exchange sheets where individ uals can arrange duplicates of their top picks (by name and ID number). Family Scavenger Hunt A good time for all ages, however a particularly decent approach to get the children in question, a family forager chase guarantees a lot of connection between various ages. Make a structure or booklet with family-related inquiries, for example, What was extraordinary granddad Powell’s first name? Which Aunt had twins? Where and when were Grandma and Grandpa Bishop hitched? Is there somebody conceived in a similar state as you? Set a cutoff time, and afterward assemble the family to pass judgment on the outcomes. On the off chance that you wish, you can grant prizes to the individuals who find the most solutions right, and the booklets themselves make decent gathering gifts. Family Tree Wall Chart Make an enormous family tree outline to show on a divider, including however many ages of the family as could be expected under the circumstances. Relatives can utilize it to fill in the spaces and right any incorrect data. Divider diagrams are mainstream with gathering participants as they assist individuals with imagining their place inside the family. The completed item likewise gives an extraordinary wellspring of genealogical data. Legacy Cookbook Welcome participants to submit most loved family plans from their own family or one went down from a far off precursor. Request that they remember subtleties for, recollections of and a photograph (when accessible) of the relative most popular for the dish. The gathered plans would then be able to be transformed into an awesome family cookbook. This likewise makes an extraordinary raising support venture for the next years gathering. A world of fond memories Storytime An uncommon chance to hear fascinating and amusing anecdotes about your family, a narrating hour can truly support family recollections. On the off chance that everybody concurs, have somebody audiotape or tape this meeting. Voyage through the Past In the event that your family gathering is held close to where the family started, at that point plan an excursion to the old family property, church or burial ground. You can utilize this as a chance to share family recollections, or go above and beyond and select the tribe to tidy up the hereditary graveyard plots or examination the family in old church records (make certain to plan with the minister ahead of time). This is an especially uncommon movement when numerous individuals are going to from away. Family ancestry Skits and Reenactments Utilizing stories from your own family ancestry, have gatherings of participants create productions or plays that will retell the stories at your family get-together. You can even stage these reenactments at places that are of significance to your family, for example, homes, schools, houses of worship, and stops (see Tour into the Past above). Non-on-screen characters can get into the fun by displaying vintage dress or tribal outfits. Oral History Odyssey Discover somebody with a camcorder who is eager to talk with individuals from the family. On the off chance that the get-together is to pay tribute to an exceptional occasion, (for example, Grandma and Grandpas 50th Anniversary), get some information about the guest(s) of respect. Or on the other hand, pose inquiries on other select recollections, for example, experiencing childhood with the old estate. Youll be amazed how contrastingly individuals recollect a similar spot or occasion. Memorabilia Table Set up a table for participants to bring and show prized family memorabilia-noteworthy photographs, military decorations, old gems, family books of scriptures, and so forth. Be certain all things are deliberately marked and the table is constantly facilitated.

Aids Related Stigma Essays - HIVAIDS, Health, Discrimination

Helps Related Stigma Essays - HIVAIDS, Health, Discrimination Helps Related Stigma Presentation Since the presence of AIDS in the late seventies and mid eighties, the infection has had connected to it a huge social disgrace. This shame has showed itself as separation, evasion and dread of individuals living with AIDS (PLWAs). Thus, the social ramifications of the infection has been stretched out from those of other hazardous conditions to the point where PLWAs are confronted with a terminal disease as well as social segregation and consistent separation all through society. Different clarifications have been proposed regarding the fundamental reasons for this defamation. Numerous examinations point to the relationship the malady has with freak conduct. Others recommend that dread of infection is the real guilty party. Inspecting the existing writing and placing it into cultural setting persuades that there is nobody cause. Rather, there would give off an impression of being an assortment of related components that impact societys mentalities towards AIDS and PLWAs. As the quantity of individuals tainted with HIV builds, social laborers are and will be progressively called upon to manage and serve PWAs. In spite of the fact that not every single social laborer decided to work with PLWAs, the heightening rate of HIV contamination is making a circumstance in which seropositive individuals are and will appear all the more regularly in practically all regions of social work practice. This paper intends to look at AIDS related disgrace and the demonization procedure, ideally giving bits of knowledge into countering the impacts of shame and maybe the chance of destigmatization. This is of specific relevance to the field of social work because of our developing contribution with the HIV positive populace. Relationship to Deviant/Marginal Behavior One of the most obviously and frequently recognized reasons for AIDS related shame is its relationship to freak conduct. The ailment has had and still has a solid relationship for some to homosexuality, IV medicate use, sexual indiscrimination and different freedoms of sexual practice (OHare, et al., 1996; Canadian Associacion of Social Workers, 1990; Quam, 1990 and Beauger, 1989). An particularly solid affiliation exists among homosexuality and AIDS. This is to a great extent due to the actuality that, in the early long stretches of the malady, it was undeniably increasingly common inside the gay network and nearly non-existent outside of it. Indeed, until 1982 the sickness was alluded to as GRID or Gay Related Immune Deficiency. Indeed, even today, AIDS is regularly alluded to as the gay plague (Giblin, 1995). Despite the fact that AIDS is presently far less common in the gay network and progressively increasingly outside of it, this connection despite everything stays solid for some. Alongside the authentic setting of AIDS, the media is incompletely to fault for this not all that precise affiliation. The Canadian Association of Social Workers (1990) reports that, regularly the media has not recognized gay and AIDS, with the goal that open comprehension of homosexuality what's more, AIDS has gotten enmeshed (p.10). As of late, the media has begun to make more exact qualifications among homosexuality and AIDS, yet messages are as yet blended and regularly equivocal. The circumstance is very comparable with respect to IV tranquilize use, prostitution, and other exercises generally connected with AIDS. This center the media has put on minimized bunches inaccurately puts accentuation on high hazard bunches instead of high hazard exercises. As a result, the word AIDS alone summons, for some, pictures of the individuals who go amiss from what society esteems to be ordinary conduct. As of now Stigmatized Groups A significant number of the gatherings to which AIDS is related have long chronicles of defamation previously the presence of AIDS. Gay people, in western culture, have quite often endured the impacts of being a defamed populace. The equivalent is valid for whores, IV medicate clients, and minorities (OHare, et al., 1996; Giblin, 1995 and CASW, 1990). It is critical to make reference to shaded populaces, as the pieces of the world that are most seriously affected by AIDS, for example, nations in Sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia, and Haiti, are generally populated by races other than Caucasian. Subsequently, a solid affiliation has been likewise been made among AIDS and ethnic minorities (Quam, 1990). The way that AIDS is related with as of now slandered bunches has two chief impacts. First and generally self-evident, is that societys negative perspectives towards the gathering being referred to are moved to AIDS and PLWAs. Second, is an enhancement of the current negative emotions that society holds towards the gatherings related with the infection (CASW, 1990). Therefore, gay people, whores, minorities individuals and different gatherings related to HIV disease

Realism and Idealism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Authenticity and Idealism - Essay Example In a perfect world, workmanship should originate from inside an individual however this doesn't occur and rather, craftsmanship is educated in schools. Courbet affirms that craftsmanship can't be instructed and that it should originate from inside an individual and ought to be an outflow of the specialists towards the things that encompass him. Similarly, an individual from another age can't precisely shape a specialty of either the past or he people to come. It is difficult to do as such since a craftsman can just draw precisely what they experience. From this perusing, plainly everybody knows their place in the general public. The poor know that there are places they can just appreciate from a far distance however not get into. Indeed, even youngsters are aware of the neediness and the paths that they ought to keep up. The youngsters gaze with surprise at how lovely the structure is yet the storyteller had just shouted that it was incomplete. Further, the other visitor is awkward at seeing the poor family and requests that the buddy demand the chief to send them away. The world has had a class battle from days of yore. There are the individuals who own variables of creation and those that work for the rich to gain a living. The bourgeoises are the wealthy in the general public who keep gathering riches to the detriment of poor people. The general public has become such a cash disapproved of network, that even the renowned callings, for example, medication and designing are centered around bringing in cash instead of helping the individuals. The low classes, then again, are the laborers who work for the bourgeoises professionally. Sometimes they endeavor to hold hands so they can have reasonable dealings with the bourgeoises. The quality of their associations and their requests is exceptionally reliant on whether they will stay bound together over the long haul. For the working classes to have a decent amount in the general public, they have to continue battling for their privileges. A doll’s house is about a lady who leaves her significant other and youngsters to

Moral Ecology of a Forest and Marketing management

Question: Instructions to butterflies art can be productive and reasonable utilizing regular assets in showcase. Answer: System Formulation: Division: The procedure of division includes disclosure of the sorts of shoppers existing in the market with shifted needs (Porter and Heppelmann 2014). For example in the auto advertise, certain shoppers request speed alongside execution, while the rest may decide on safeguards of the vehicles. The item in conversation, the butterfly make has additionally various requests in its market. Certain high society individuals may need it to enrich their home insides while understudies seeking after higher investigations in expressions and hand-made art items may need it to gain some new useful knowledge. Nonetheless, the intriguing part with this item is regardless of what client exists or needs these specialties, the items are on the whole same. The main thing that varies is the reason for which the purchasers would need to purchase this item. The high pay bunch buyers are the ones who might include the significant sections for such items. Clients who need to stand independently from the group for the most part want this sort of items. They need to show others they have something that is one of a kind and tasteful and includes some major disadvantages that isn't reasonable by many (Hollensen 2015.). Besides, these butterfly make items ought to be caused accessible in those socioeconomics where the makers to have the most obvious opportunity to discover buyers to purchase such items. Focusing on: In this focusing on step, the organization likes to focus on or more portions and that decision relies upon different elements. For items like this, the creators give finding a shot the broadness of the portion and the manners in which it would develop throughout the years (Venter, Wright and Dibb 2015). In addition, the fabricates likewise need to distinguish whether they secure that necessary solidarity to help with engaging a specific portion of customers for long time. The makers need to think about specific markets and recognize individuals present in that advertise and ask them certain inquiries. The creators ought not scrutinize those individuals about the business; rather it ought to be a casual conversation where individuals talk about themselves, giving them enough chance to communicate and the sort of craftsmanship darling they believe themselves to be. It ought not be any kind of studies or different decision addresses that ordinary organizations will in general do, its a greater amount of allowing them to account for themselves. The objective market for such items would be as expressed before the high-pay gathering of individuals. Individuals who probably won't have enough information about such expressions and artworks like butterfly configuration, yet at the same time get them so as to plan and finish their homes as they have the cash to do as such. At that point there may be individuals who are impassioned craftsmanship sweethearts and need ownership of such items as a piece of their specialty assortment. Ultimately, expressions of the human experience understudies who are seeking after their professions and learning various types of expressions and artworks should have these items at specific occasions. Situating: The way toward situating considers the factor of executing in the objective market. Viable situating of item is fundamental for progress, significantly more while promoting another item or an item that is made of normal assets and can be rare (Kotler et al. 2015). The makers should address the huge purchasing rules of clients and lucid principle attributes of items. Expressions and specialties like those that butterfly configuration is verified gathering of craftsmen and the prominence of such workmanship configuration would help in concentrating on the network of craftsmen that best makes such artworks. The makers need to point in coordinating their concentration towards the interesting attributes of unmistakable clients and their buying choices. Promoting Mix: Item: The item in conversation is the Butterfly structured art that is being made out of normal assets. There are sure factors that are related with the items that should be distinguished and comprehended by the makers or makers (Huang. what's more, Sarigll 2014). For the way that it is made of characteristic assets makes this item significantly increasingly unique that should be taken care of cautiously. The creators ought to have the option to use these regular assets to the best of their abilities so nothing goes squander and the purchasers get the best structures for their dividers and insides. The item would be presented in various structures like leaves of parts of trees, marble papers or tissue papers and ought to be estimated likewise. Cost: The term Price can be alluded to the decision of appropriate strategies in framing the genuine cost of the items. It is no quick that individuals pays nitty gritty consideration regarding the value factor of the bought item, particularly if the item is expensive. Cost is the main factor that creates deals income. The worth factor of the client should be weighed before settling on any choice in regards to cost. As the butterfly configuration make is made out of characteristic assets the cost is expressed to be higher, significantly more in light of the way that it is delivered for high-pay individuals (Henderson 2015). The customers might be value delicate. The high-pay individuals for the most part loves purchasing crafted works which are significant expense and interesting as it overhauls their status much more. The costs of tissue paper butterfly makes uncommonly for kids will be evaluated at mid-level, though, the butterfly specialty of leaves from trees would be valued at elevate d level. Spot: It is the strategy for moving and amassing merchandise and making them reachable to customers. Reports propose that one fifth of the expense of items is identified with appropriation. Dissemination of such sly structures should be done cautiously as a little slip would harm the entire item which is difficult to supplant. The spot of circulation should be as indicated by the objective market. The makers or the providers should know where workmanship darlings or potential purchasers of such items go to get them. The items ought to be made accessible to stores that sell such things and are arranged in elegant territories where the objective purchasers visit regularly. Advancement: It is the genuine methodology of speaking with clients. In this procedure associations or makers furnish clients with significant data required to decide. The advancement of such regular asset made Butterfly specialties can be at large craftsmanship presentations, exchange reasonable where workmanship sweethearts frequently visit (Coloniality 2016). Such displays and fairs could target creating the positive reaction of clients and manages special system choices. These items probably won't be accessible in gigantic numbers to the buyers. In this way, the buyers should be speedy and brief in their dynamic to have something of this sort. Reference: Coloniality, D., 2016. Protection rebels.Moral Ecology of a Forest: The Nature Industry and Maya Post-Conservation, p.157. Henderson, L., 2015. New Lissadell make shop looking extraordinary so far. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing administration: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Huang, R. furthermore, Sarigll, E., 2014. How brand mindfulness identifies with advertise result, brand value, and the promoting blend. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. also, Armstrong, G., 2015.Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Doorman, M.E. what's more, Heppelmann, J.E., 2014. How keen, associated items are changing competition.Harvard Business Review,92(11), pp.64-88. Venter, P., Wright, A. also, Dibb, S., 2015. Performing market division: a performative perspective.Journal of Marketing Management,31(1-2), pp.62-83.

Soccer injres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Soccer injres - Essay Example Europe didn't accentuate on building establishments that would represent a solitary political element, for example, an economy, administration, the legal executive, and so forth. The War of 1918 is viewed as a pointless fight on the grounds that the contest that intended to trigger the contention was viewed as constrained yet it prevailing with regards to setting off a tremendous worldwide war. Anyway the contention rose from the difference between Austria-Hungary and Serbia over how the death of Franz Ferdinand ought to be taken care of. The Austro-Hungarians anyway accepted that there was a connection of the Serbian government with the death and that was the explanation that Austria-Hungary requested an examination just as a legal procedure inside Serbia. No other nation brought direct enthusiasm into this issue. Anyway Germany and Russia engaged for the situation for ensuring Austria-Hungary and Serbia, individually (War Graves for WW1 Dead on The Western Front,

1776 by David McCullough Book about American History - 1100 Words

1776 by David McCullough: Popular Book about American History (Book Review Sample) Content: Authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Name:Instructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Name:Course Number:Date:"1776" Book ReviewDavid McCulloughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s 1776 is one of the most popular books about American history. It is a well-crafted history of the revolutionary war and Americaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s fight for independence. The book has featured prominently in the list of Americanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nonfiction histories. The author is one of Americaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s most read and rewarded historians. In this book, David McCullough, the award-winning biographer brings history to life by use of his formidable writing skills. He balances the military, the personal and the political forces by use of contemporary accounts making the situations come to life. As the title suggests, the book mostly covers situations in Americaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s revolutionary war in 1776. Although the book mentions several army generals and most important participants of the war, it is centered on George Washington himself and how he led the American arm y to defeat the British. This essay outlines a brief account of the major events in the book as well as a critical analysis of the text.Although people tend to think of the year 1776 as a great and successful year when America set off the fight for independence, the book reveals that it was a year of hardship, defeat, and discouragement. However, these challenges helped to form the will and desire to continue seeking independence. In fact, McCullough brings it out clearly that it was a year that tested Americaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s determination and resilience at every turn. In 1776, the American army general, George Washington had little experience in military leadership and command. Consequently, the American forces suffered many defeats, and the future of the country was hardly assured.At the beginning of the book, the British decided to evacuate since their position was virtually indefensible after George Washington held Boston under siege. Washington took advantage of their leaving and m oved to the defense of New York. However, the move turned out to be challenging than anticipated as he placed himself in a difficult position of controlling Manhattan Island, which was prone to attacks by the by the British forces from the sea. Under the leadership of the Howe brothers, the British forces eventually surrounded New York and the nearby islands. Meanwhile, Washington and his army realized that they were in great danger as the British had a huge naval presence in the waters. The situation forced him to lead his army to a battle in Brooklyn. The battle was disastrous, and Washington had to evacuate to Manhattan, which he miraculously managed without further loss. However, situations soon forced him to escape towards the defense of Philadelphia across the Hudson River.A critical analysis of the book particularly in the chronicles of Washington at New York, Manhattan Island, and Brooklyn, reveals that according to McCulloughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s narrative of 1776, it is the British who lost the battle rather than the American who won. In August 1776, the British had thrown away victory after the battle of Long Island when they let the defeated American army escape. Besides, their failure to take Philadelphia when they had the opportunity was worse. Moreover, Howe underestimated the American armyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s potential. This is especially evident when Howe sent untrained volunteer reinforcements to fight the Americans. However, fortunately, Washington snatched the opportunity and led his army to a brilliant attack winning two victories at Trenton and Princeton over the Hessian and British forces. The battle, nonetheless, dragged on until 1781 when the British surrendered at Yorktown. This victory can be linked to the Britishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s negligence and poor decision making.Another factor that led to Britainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s loss of victory was a war with France which prevented it from giving full attention to the war with America and other colonies. Moreover, Howe ha d already decided that it was too cold to continue fighting when he moved to the comfort of New York. The weather conditions helped Washingtonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s army to survive through the war and fight another day. In fact, as stated by McCullough, storms and fog had saved them from imminent disaster severally. The snow had also earlier helped Washingtonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s army in towing enormous guns from Fort Ticonderoga across the frozen lakes and over the snowy hills. They opened fire from the hills forcing Howe to abandon Boston.However, it appears quite ironical that George Washington was given the charge of the military despite having shown great doubts about his capacity and deserving for such responsibility. Worse still, his men showed confidence in him, admired him and respected him. The book fails to explain why his men admired him despite his many weaknesses. At the same time, the other leaders like Henry Knox, Charles Lee, Alexander Hamilton and Nathaniel Greene appear more able an d sharp, yet they remained under Washington throughout the war. In fact, McCullough termed him as an indecisive and inept army commander who had no clue about tactics and strategy and was constantly rescued by his subordinates. Nevertheless, he praised him for his perseverance, ability to recognize and learn from own faults and an ear for go...

Analysis into charity campaigns - Free Essay Example

What techniques do charity campaigns use to convey their idea and persuade the viewer? Have they gone too far? Danielle Gough BA Visual Communication, Level 6 This essay will provide an in depth analysis into charity campaigns, their target audience and ways of communicating an idea, message and the methods used to persuade the viewer to donate or join the charity. In order to do this I will decode three images via semiotic analysis. Charity campaign techniques, symbols and signs , social and political issues used to persuade the viewer will be explored. The methods, history and theory of advertising, and advertising campaigns will also be taken into account. Advertising companies know their audience inside out, they know their weakness, strengths, what drives them to buy a product, and the psychology behind it. Scott, W states â€Å" As it is the human mind that advertising is dealing with, it’s only scientific basis is psychology, which is simply a systematic study of th ose same minds the advertiser is seeking to influence. (Scott, 1916,p 2) They know figures and their target audience and human behaviour inside out. Their campaigns and posters are an extension of this. Decoding them and the reasoning behind them, will be my basis of study. Charities are selling a certain type of agenda, idea, lifestyle or an objective or wrong that should be right within advertising, there campaigns are an extension of there brand identity and what they are about, how they say it, and their whole personality. As stated by Dyer, G â€Å" Charity Advertising is usually non- profit making, but often usues the persuasive techniques of commercial advertising† also Nava A states about social cause advertising â€Å"within contempory Western societies identity has not only been linked to movements of self- affirmation, but has also become integrated into lifestyle decisiions made about the self†( Nava, 1997, pg 29) If you choose to donate, or give to a ce rtain charity this says something about your views on the world society and what you as an individual believe in. Organisations have brand power, their brand is an extension of there beliefs. Danesi states â€Å" Brands are one of the most important modes of communication in the modern media environment† ( Danesi, 2006, pg 3 ). Some may use the word propaganda when describing charity campaigns. Danesi states Propaganda is the craft of spreading and entrenching octrines, veiws, and beliefs, reflecting specific interests and ideoligies ( political, social, philosophical, etc) by attempting to persuade people through emotional appeals. ( Danesi, 2006, pg 10). EXPLAIN NOT RANDOM My first image for analyis is Figure 1, P. E. T. A campaign promoting vegetarianism. The key element that firstly stood out to me was the women dipicted on the floor and the brave slogan â€Å"I am alica silverstone and I am a vegetarian†. Overall the campain ad is visually strong. The use of shock within advertisemnt is a key element advertisers use to promote an idea/ or put a message across in this case. Advertisers use shock tactics as they convey a message† more loudly and clearly than competetors† ( Nava 1997, p 71). The louder and more shocking the advertisement, the more likely the consumer is to remember the campaign and campaign advert. The best examples of the benefits of shock imagery within advertising are the Benneton advertisements. Their adverts have brought up contravery and use current affairs and issues of race, gender and class as a campaign to persuade the viewer to buy products. Therefore the more shocking the advertisemnent, or message or slogan the more likely the consumer remembers the campaign. These shock tactics seem to work. In an article about shock tactics saves animals by the guardian it states† In terms of exposure, however, his campaigns are undeniably effective. When he joined the organisation in his early 20s t here were 60,000 members; now there are two million worldwide. † ( The Guardian, 28/05/09, p 1) These memorable slogans are eye catching, The Guardian states â€Å"Yes, Peta could restrict its activities to scientific work, but how often do you read of that in the papers? It could just hand out lengthy tracts about ethics, but how many people would stop and take one, let alone read it? †(The Guardian 21/01/2010 p1) P. E. T. A have used the strong slogan and image to shock the audience into looking, and remembering the campaign thefore having a lasting effect, which is why there publisitiy and popularity has grown ver the years. The slogan ‘ I am Alica Silverstone and I am a Vegetarian’, to me is contraversial. As these words can usually be accosiated with something you would say in a support group, here P. E. T. A have used this for shock purposes. This pycology states â€Å" Seldom do words adeqeuately allow humans to explore and express the range a nd depth of our many subjective states† ( Boesch,E Waltr,J, Susana ,A , 2007 p172) The use of the powerfully statement and slogan reinforces P. E. T. A and their shock effect attitute. The image of the woman is the main signifier,Carolina Hein states â€Å" Women displayed as sexual objects is the leif motif of erotic spectacle, from pin ups to strip tease she holds the look, plays to and signifies male desire† ( Hein 2008, pg349 ) using the male gaze as a way of portraying the female form, and drawing you into the advert. This use of the male gaze is dated back to pre raphlite paintings, the women is depicted as opressed and vunrable to draw our attention to the campaign advert. Sex in advertising is a key technique that gets campaigns noticed Shimp states â€Å" sexual material in advertising acts to attract and hold attention for a longer period† (Shimp,T 2007 p263) Within this advert the draped inviting pose uggests the advert is using the women as an imag e for shock, totally unrelated to the P. E. T. A charity, just so the campaign ad makes you take another look and read it. You could argue that the portrayl of the women in this advert is degrading and could be showing the women as a sex object. Worell states â€Å" the media portrayl of women limit them to the status of sex objects whose identies do not span beyond beauty, sex and reproduction†. ( Worell, 2002 p704 ) The advert overlly sexulises the female and shows the male gaze as you are drwn to the sexual oragns of the woman’s body which depicts the female in a submissive, powerless pose. You could argue that ths un realistic view of a women in the media is bad press and not a good role model for women. Lind states† media portrayals of women have obvious effects (†¦) including negetive effects on a woman’s self image, increased rates of eating disorders, sexualization and racialiazm. † (Lind,A Brzuzy,S 2008 p315) The women in the camp aign ad is almost being depicted as an oject as the mai signifier, this could be degrading for women, and you could argue that it doesn’t realte to P. E. T. A, and that this degrading imagery is different to the moral ethos of the charity. You could argue that the imagery shows a negetive sterotype of a women. Pardan states† the male gaze constructs women as sexual objects in a erotic spectacle. According to this idea, the way men see women determines their value. † ( Pardan,c 2009, p 137). The image is shcking and holds our attention, but it is a negeative objectilising way of portraying a woman, looking at other P. E. T. A campaign ads the over sexualisation of the woman’s body has been used countless times in a very exhibitionist way. Another technique used in the campaign ad is celebrity endorsement. This is used to enhance popularity and recognition in the audience. McAuley states â€Å" Using celebrities gets people to pay attention. Thatâ€⠄¢s why info commercials and commercials use celebrities al the time. â€Å" ( McAuley 2010, p 42) The Use of Alica Silverstone is promoting a vegetarian as being more of a sexy woman rather than the usual sterotype of a vegan or vegetarian being more of a tomboyish look. Alica Silverstone as well as being a actress and model is also know as an animal rights and environmental activist, and was voted Sexiest Female Vegetarian, by PETA. You could argue that P. E. T. A is aiming their adverts at a more male audience mainly because within all P. E. T. A ‘s campaigns women seemed to be used, which could be viewed as sexist and degrading to women. My second image for analyis is Figure 2, The Greenpeace Kit Kat campaign. The main elements of the campaign ad being the slogan ‘ The Easter Bunny: another supporter of the Kit Kat campaign, the image of the Easter bunny and the orangotan, and them carrying the messages ‘ Stop Nestle destroying rainforests for palm oil, and ‘ Give the Orang- utans a break. The strongest message for me is the use of the Nestle logo and the words ‘ Killer’ that states the message more clearly than the whole advertisement. The whole campaign uses guilt as a way of persuading Nestle to change it’s ways. The use of the oragutan shows us the exact effect that eating a Kit Kat, showing an orangutan within the advertisement shows us what exactly we are effecting by eating the Kit Kat, giving us a sense of moral responsibility. Showing that eating a Kit Kat means that we are killing the orangutans. â€Å" The other is a sociological or cultural argument, involving an implicit or exlicit critique (†¦) It suggests that we know of our collectve guilt which derives from our membersip of high consumption societies- guilt about depletion of the earth’s resourses or about the poverty and starvation endured by less fortunate peoples† (Richards, B, Mac, I Bottenll,J 2000 p 154). Nes tle are using the fact that people don’t want the guilt of destroying the rainforests and the killing of a near endangered species on there head therefore using the oranutan within the campaign ad shows people responsibility for ther actions, a key technique used by charities. The other key technique used is the use of the Nestle logo with a different twist- ‘Killer’ and The Slogan ‘Give the orangutans a break’ which is a play n words of the Kit Kats original slogan ‘ Have a break, Have a Kit Kat ‘. â€Å" However, the use of images as elements of activation and reinforcement of metaphors are also present in press ads, though text is given more importance than the image or photograph† ( Luis,J Campo,O Ives,J Navamoni,I 2005 p70). The play on words and the imagery metaphor on the Nestle logo says in a short space of time exactly what the campaign is about without going into any detail, and is a powerfull signifier. The use of pas tiche in advertising here is used for irony purposes, making a mockery of Nestle, almost showing them up by playing with the slogans. Shock in advertising is clearly used within the Kit Kat campaign, as a way of displaying a message. Another example of this is the U TUBE video (https://www. greenpeace. org/international/campaigns/climate-change/kitkat/) used on the campaign website that shows a man in an office eating an orangutan finger instaed of a kit kat chunk. This is a different form of shock in advertising from Figure 1, as intead of shock imagery that goes with sex in advertising the ‘ horror’ shock aspect is used, which is another aspect campaign advertisers use. You could argue that these shock tactics and ‘in your face’ tactics work to gain mayor public publicity. An article by the Economist states ‘ Nestle, another food giant, has been attacked in a spoof online advertisementthat shows an office worker eating a finger of a KitKat (†¦) These attacks are proving potent. Companies are changing their buying policies in response, and paying more attention to the distant reaches of their supply chains† (The Economist, 26/06/2010) The article states how the nestle video gained key media attention, causing Nestle to take action, thus causing other compaines such as Lush to stop using palm oil in there products. The article also states that â€Å" We had been asking Nestle to stop buying products from rainforest destruction for two years before we launced our campaign. Nestle cracked within just two months because the verwhelmed public response made the company listen† (The Economist, 26/06/2010) The article proves that this type of direct action broadcasts the message more loudly than say a small advertisment or petition. My third case study, Figure 3 portrays a barnado’s ad campaign featuring a baby with methylated sprit being poured into it’s mouth. The campaign is another example o f shock in advertising to attract attention. The campaign uses the slogan ‘ There are no silver spoons for children born into poverty’ with a story describing how a poor upbringing can lead to substance abuse.

Overview of the Whiskey Rebellion Essay - 1077 Words

Imagine being an active participant in the American Revolution in the late 1700s. Not only that, imagine being on the side fighting for your freedom. The war ends, youre in the clear for a leisurely life of freely doing what you please, and youre happy. Youre also a farmer that happens to be located in Pennsylvania. Before you know it, Congress comes to the decision to pass a tax on the production and distribution of whiskey, one of your main crops. What? Woah, woah, woah, wait a minute, did you not just fight a whole war against the taxes being imposed on you? A war for your rights? This cant be right, it just cannot be. Ah, but it is all too true. In the 1790s, a tax was passed that raised the price on distributing whiskey. This†¦show more content†¦Hamilton was able to persuade Congress into passing a twenty-five percent tax increase on such products. This did not go over all too well in the west, especially concerning small farmers in Pennsylvania. At the time, farmers p rocessed their corn and grain into whiskey, since it was less complicated to transport their crops in liquid form rather than in bulk. Whiskey was also used as barter at this time. In retaliation to this tariff, farmers took it upon themselves to harass the federal tax collectors, and showed their hostility and disdain by stopping judicial proceedings. In response to this, Congress attempted to lift the most severe proclamations of the levy, but this was to no avail in the farmers eyes. Since a majority of the farmers used the barter system, they simply could not come up with the money necessary to pay the tax. Their vexation mostly stemmed from their belief that the unresponsive government lacked to understand the hardships they faced since the government quite clearly did not grasp the concept of a deficiency of affluence (Encyclopedia of American History: Revolution and New Nation, 1761 to 1812). Throughout 1771 to 1773, the farmers resistance was noticeable although not yet nota ble until 1774, where they then decided to handle the complication themselves. Later on, in the summer of 1774 (July to be exact), AlexanderShow MoreRelatedThe Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution by Thomas P. Slaugther1010 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Thomas Slaughter has provided a most thorough overview of the Whiskey Rebellion, which he asserts had by the time this book was conceived nearly two centuries after the episode transpired, had become a largely forgotten chapter of our nations history since the time of the Civil War. He cites as direct evidence of this fact the almost complete absence of any mention of the event in many contemporary textbooks of the conservative era of the 1980s, which this reviewer can attest to as wellRead MorePower Of The New Nation1853 Words   |  8 Pageswith John Jay and Gouverneur Morris. The Federalist ideals emphasized the need of federal power, favored large businesses, believed the country needed a strong financial system, and interpreted the Constitution loosely. (â€Å"Political Partie s Emerge (Overview)† 1). The Democratic Republican party was the complete opposite of the Federalist party. Lead by Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, the Democratic Republican party’s ideals, which were largely inspired by the Enlightenment,Read MoreKentucky s Role During The Civil War1524 Words   |  7 PagesConfederate forces attempted to seize Fort Sumter, after Lincoln had sent an unarmed ship there for resupply. This was the first skirmish in what became known as the Civil War, called the â€Å"War Between the States† by the southerners and the â€Å"War of the Rebellion† by the North (Henretta, 2012, p. 418). There were eight states that had to make the crucial decision regarding whether they would stay with the Union or join the newly formed Confederacy. History records that â€Å"those eight states accounted forRead MoreThe Storu- Animal Farm2755 Words   |  11 Pagesanalyzed in the paper. The story in a disguise reveals the international relations and world politics at the time of communism. The paper aims to analyze the novel from the political perspective while taking into account the prospective of Boxer, overview of the entire system and the perspective of the common people. Orwell was born in 1903 to British migrants in Bengal, India; he received his learning and education at an arrangement of private schools, incorporating Eton, England’s elite schoolRead MoreCalculus Oaper13589 Words   |  55 Pagesreferred first and foremost to the economic imperative to heterosexuality and marriage and to the sanctions imposed against single women and widows--both of whom have been and still are viewed as deviant Yet, in this often enlightening Marxist-feminist overview of male prescriptions for female sanity and health, the economics of prescriptive heterosexuality go unexamined.(7) Of the three psychoanalytically based books, one, Jean Baker Miller s Toward a New Psychology, of Women, is written as if Lesbians

The Legacy Of The Reconstruction Era - 1920 Words

In the years prior to the Reconstruction era, the nation was involved in a brutal civil war—one of the most destructive to ever take place. The North and the South were fighting against each other, with the Confederate States fighting for secession and slavery, and the Union fighting for an in tact country. Abraham Lincoln, the newly elected president, was against secession and blatantly stated so in his inaugural address, â€Å"A husband and wife may be divorced, but the different parts of our nation cannot.† Nonetheless, for four excruciating years, war took place and ended in 1865, with the siege of Petersburg, â€Å"[costing] the nation more than 600,000 lives, nearly as many as in all other American wars combined.† Just before the war ended and the Union won the victory, Lincoln began his second term. Unfortunately, he was assassinated soon after in mid-April. From this point on, the nation began rebuilding itself through reconstruction for the next twelve years. While the Reconstruction period following the Civil War produced many significant results, particularly in the arena of Constitution Amendments, it nevertheless fell short in binding the nation’s wounds. Without a replacement for Lincoln, the Republican Party was tragically unable or unwilling to seize the day and implement an effective, lasting and just national reconciliation. With the loss of a great, progressive president such as Lincoln, our country was left in shambles after the conclusion of the Civil War.Show MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of The Reconstruction Era1473 Words   |  6 PagesThe reconstruction era was a time that then affected America in positive facets and negative aspects as well, and still affects America today. Thanks to the reconstruction era, there are several implementations that geared the world on the path in which it is today. Had it not been for some of the laws that were set in place African Americans may have not had many of the opportunities that were presented during the reconstruction period, therefore the years of oppression and cruelty might still beRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Reconstruction Era1303 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reconstruction Era America was in disarray following the events of the Civil War. Southern economy was in shambles while congress was struggling to find a middle ground between the radical republicans and Lincoln’s lenient policies. Many Southerners faced the aftermath of uprooting their society and their way of life while thousands of newly freed slaves struggled to find a way to support themselves. The country needed a strong leader, however on the 14th of April, 1865 President Lincoln wasRead MoreEssay about The Reconstruction Era: The Planted Seeds1231 Words   |  5 Pageswalked through compared to other American Wars (â€Å"Civil War Facts†). 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The first is the post-Civil War U.S. and the second focuses on the Southern United States (Wikipedia, n.d.). | 6) The post-Civil War conquest of the West, including the â€Å"displacement† of theRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And Its Impact On The United States1470 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States because he abolished slavery. Also, his Reconstruction plan showed the South that they would have a say in the government, despite their size. This was significant because slavery was tearing the country apart. When the South threatened to leave the Union they complained about slavery and about not having a say in the government. Lincoln realized why they would feel that way and helped them out. By the time reconstruction was over, the Southerners had a more stable lifestyle andRead MoreEssay about Jim Crows Legacy 616 Words   |  3 Pagespre-Civil War/Reconstruction era. The insidious nature of Jim Crow easily converted bigotry and intolerance from vile vices to prized virtues. Although Jim Crow laws were settled by the 1954 court case, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, where all laws and public policy based on the theory of separate but equal were deemed unconstitutional; they were not fully eliminated until the mid 1960s, almost one hundred years after the end of U.S. Civil War and the beginning of Radical Reconstruction. Read MoreRace And Reunion : The Civil War1581 Words   |  7 Pagesthe war. The two major themes race and reunion, demonstrate how white Americans adjusted and altered the causes and outcomes of the Civil War to reflect their particular ideas regarding this catastrophic conflict between Northerners and Southerners era. Blight, addresses how these differences in cultures collided in the visions that they saw America becoming when reunited as a union after the Civil War, reconciliationists, White supremacy and emancipationist. Blight does an excellent job of showingRead MorePolicy Containment in the Northwest Ordinance and Missouri Compromise576 Words   |  3 Pageswas the end of the Reconstruction Era and allowed the South to â€Å"turn the tables† on the North. Democrats were able to regain control of the Legislative and Judicial branches of government. (http://history.ncsu.edu/projects/cwnc/exhibits/show/second-redemption/redemption-1877) In conclusion, containment was accomplished through stages that included the Establishment of the Northwest Ordinance and the Missouri Compromise that later led to the failure of the Reconstruction Era and allowed the Southern

Rhetorical Analysis Of Mother Teresa - 727 Words

Mother Teresa continued her uses of pathos in her speech by recalling a past experience she had with a poor woman. She reflected on the poor people as great people which allowed the audience to see them as something other than a stereotype. She remembered how the poor woman thanked her and many others about the importance of abstaining and having self-control in regards to having children. As she died, the woman looked at Mother Teresa, said ‘Thank you†, and died with a smile on her face. She told her audience this story to get them to see a side of people that they didn’t necessarily know about. They got to see how this woman was poor and yet she still died smiling and thankful for what life had given her. Mother Teresa wanted the†¦show more content†¦They know how to bring peace and love back into the world and their own relationships. Mother Teresa closed her speech by repeating her call to action and doing so in a way that affects the audience’s emotion. She told them to remain faithful to God and to give until it hurts. She said, â€Å"Let us make that one point: That no child will be unwanted, and also that we meet each other always with a smile, especially when it was difficult to smile†, reflecting on the idea that peace begins within their own hearts. She concludes her speech claiming, â€Å"If you become a burning light in the world of peace, then really the Nobel Peace Prize is a gift of the Norwegian People. God bless you†, which emphasizes how she appreciated her audience. Mother Teresa repeats to the audience that peace is within them and that they should be the ones with such a wonderful award. She blesses her audience which allows them to feel the love and care from Mother Teresa herself and from her speech. By doing so, this fosters the audience’s ability to listen and cha nge their ways in order to create a better world. Mother Teresa used ethos and pathos throughout her acceptance speech from receiving the Nobel Peace Prize. She used ethos and pathos effectively in order to gain her audiences trust and allow them to have an emotional connection with her speech. She gained credibility through her knowledge of theShow MoreRelatedSpeech : Acceptance Speech By Mother Teresa1542 Words   |  7 PagesSpeech Analysis - Acceptance Speech by Mother Teresa This speech was presented by mother Teresa. She was a Roman Catholic religious sister and a missionary. Mother Teresa was a very recognize nun around the entire world. Many people knew her as the nun who went around the world helping and giving hope and faith to a lot of people who was in a need; however, she lived most of her life in India. She was born in august 26, 1910 in Skopje, Macedonia and died on September 5, 1997 in Kolkata, India atRead MoreEssay Banksy Was Here: The Invisible Man of Graffiti Art1195 Words   |  5 Pagesmysterious aspects of Banksy and his street art, Author Lauren Collins uses examples of his artwork and different locations where his street art has been seen. She also has quotations from Banksy included about his intent to remain anonymous. The rhetorical situation is a fundamental concept that addresses audience, purpose, author, constraints, and exigence. These different aspects help to support credibility, support and build arguments, and explain or provide evidence. Lauren Collins wrote â€Å"BanksyRead MoreMalala Yousafzai ´s Speech Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagesis a religion of peace, humanity and brotherhood. Islam says that it is not only each childs right to get education, rather it is their duty and responsibility.† Malala Yousafzai. 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Through the use of the four rhetorical elements situationRead MoreThe Dramatic Significance of Sick Characters in Ola Rotimis Plays4629 Words   |  19 Pag esattention to either the content or the form. None of the critics has been able to carry out a sustained study of the dramatic significance of sick characters in Ola Rotimi’s plays. This work proposes to fill that gap. Earlier articles by E. J. Asgill, Teresa .U. Njoku, Michael Etherton and V. U. Ola are concerned with the playwright’s indebtedness to Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex in The Gods Are not to Blame. Asgill, for example, critically examines Rotimi’s work as an excellent example of African adaptationRead MoreCoaching Salespeople Into Sales Champions110684 Words   |  443 PagesAlthough these managers at Vetter Stafï ¬ ng did not have the power to change their role or job description, each had the power to change how they currently managed their teams. They learned at the seminar that a little honesty, introspection, and self-analysis goes a long way, especially as it relates to evaluating the integrity of their commitment as well as the process they are currently using to get their salespeople to perform at their very best. UNDERSTANDING THE COMMITMENT TO COACH YOUR SALES

Should Smoking Be Banned - 1457 Words

Ban the Cancer Sticks Lung cancer has increased within the past decade; one of the biggest reasons is that more and more people smoke now than they have in the past. Smoking causes damage not only in the lungs, but also in the body, lips, or inside the mouth. Even though smoking does harm your body there are some good things that come from smoking. Like it can lower the risk of obesity, and knee replacement surgery. There are different types of lung cancer one for smoking and the other, nonsmoking. Although people are smoking, not only are adults getting lung cancer, but kids and teens are getting it too. Lung cancer is the deadliest of all cancers and yet it is also the most preventable. While non smokers can get it, the most affected population of lung cancer could prevent the disease by not smoking, this is why smoking should be ban. One reason why lung cancer has rapidly increased is because of the use of cigarettes. The air after World War I had a effect on the environment, and increased lung cancer. Forty-five to seventy-five years old is usually the age a person could get lung cancer. The countries with a history of tobacco smoking between eighty to ninety percent of all causes are caused by smoking. Ages eighteen to twenty-four attempted to quit smoking cigarette and succeeded in 2010. Not only those who smoke can get lung cancer or have some type of disease, people who don’t smoke has the same chance or higher getting lung cancer or a disease. ThisShow MoreRelatedShould Smoking Be Banned?895 Words   |  4 PagesPeople smoke all over the world. Smoking has been around for many decades. Controlling the usage of smoking depends on the smoker. Believe it or not, the government has a huge part on this. In some countries, smoking in public or enclosed areas is banned. In the United States, the owner of any public place has the right to put a â€Å"No Smoking Area† sign. Unfortunately even with these regulations, the smoker doesn’t realize how smoking can be harmful to them and their surroundings; people are simplyRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?845 Words   |  4 PagesThe smoking population in London stands around 1.2 million and with such a significant percentage of this city with the habit, it is unsurprising the ban has caused such wide con troversy. Without hesitation, I add my voice to the chorus of non-smokers who think this ban goes too far. However, I am not saying that smoking is in any way good as I am extremely aware of the gruesome health risks and unattractive photos of black lungs and lopsided livers that litter the media. I just ask of you Britain;Read MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?1672 Words   |  7 Pagesthis is not a choice. This creates the problem of second-hand smoke, which is more harmful than people think. What is worse is that people who inhale second-hand smoke are doing so without consent.Therefore smoking in any public place should be banned.Second-hand smoke is just as harmful as smoking and leads to a higher prevalence of cancer and heart disease. Many people smoke for enjoyment. Enjoyment is what an individual experience when they are having a good time. When an individual is enjoyingRead MoreSmoking Should Be Banned1031 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking is an expensive habit. Smokers’ claim that it helps relax them and relieves stress but there are more negative effects of smoking outweigh the positive effects. Smoking is a health hazard not only for smokers but also for non-smokers. Smokers have the right to choose what to do with their own body and wellbeing but they should respect non-smokers choice to not be subjected to the smoke. Many people believe that there are good and bad outcomes from smoking. I believe that smoking should beRead MoreThe Smoking Should Be Banned860 Words   |  4 Pages On August 31, 2008, Maine made the law for no smoking in cars with children under 18. Warnings were given out until 2009 of September 1st; but starting September 2nd of 2009, fines of fifty dollars would be given out if caug ht by police. The making of this aw, is to limit teenagers with their license to stop smoking in cars. Smoking should be banned in motor vehicles in all states if person is/are over 16 of age. For teens, smoking is a distraction just like talking on the phone or texting whileRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?1326 Words   |  6 Pagesbreak. Even though people are well equipped with the knowledge of how unhealthy smoking can be and what can it causes to their hearts and lungs, they still choose to smoke. Nowadays smoking becomes a trend like a social media, and especially teenagers, are participating in this as well. Although smoking makes you a person feel relaxed from the stress, it harms the body of the smokers in the long run. We have known that smoking can kill us from past 50-60 years, and according to the World Health OrganizationRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?2248 Words   |  9 PagesSmoking was first used for medicinal purposes in the early 1600’s. As time conti nued tobacco began to be smoked through pipes and eventually became rolled in paper and tobacco leaves. After smoking started becoming mainstream, people began to think of this as a social way to fit in rather than thinking of the effects it can cause to their bodies. Although the harmful side effects of smoking are now public knowledge, people still continue to smoke. Smoking can cause health issues, not only to thoseRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Public Smoking?1263 Words   |  6 PagesBanning Public Smoking Do people know that cigarettes are responsible for more causalities each year than from HIV, illegitimate drug use, alcohol related incidents, and automobile calamities combined? It is one of the only permissible products that have been long-established to kill when used as intended. Tobacco usage is the main source of avoidable and premature death and disease worldwide according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Medical studies have shown that smoking not onlyRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States Surgeon General’s report stated that cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer death in the United States. This statement is so true today. Smoking a cigarette is an acquired behavior and that makes it the most preventable cause of death in our society. Cigarettes contain nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, and DDT. The main ingredient in cigar ettes is tobacco. The nicotine in cigarettes is very addictiveRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?1365 Words   |  6 PagesShould Cigarette Smoking be banned? The United States Surgeon General’s report stated that cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer death in the United States. This statement is so true today. Smoking a cigarette is an acquired behavior and that makes it the most preventable cause of death in our society. Cigarettes contain nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, and DDT. The main ingredient in cigarettes is tobacco. The nicotine

Psychological Interventions in Mental Health Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Psychological Interventions in Mental Health Nursing. Answer: Introduction: Mood is the persistent status of internal feeling. Mood of the patient can be inquired by asking questions to the patient and patient expresses mood in their own words. As a result, mood is the subjective report of patients emotional status. Mood of the patient should be assessed over a period of few weeks and not the specific time point. This feeling can be unenthusiastic, depressed and low and other side it can be energized, elevated and out of control. There is also feeling of anger, irritation and nervous. Ellens mood is aggressive, elevated, labile or reactive, irritable (Finney et al., 2016; Nakash et al., 2015). Thought content: Thought content can be sad and angry. Person always thinking about certain things and difficult to come out of this thinking. Moreover, person not willing to share this thinking and personal beliefs with others. Person is always worried and scared about certain things. Person thinks detached from other people and removed from the society. Person thinks that other person or other group intend to harm. Person has hallucinations means false perceptions and illusions means misinterpreted perceptions. From inquiry and observations, it is evident that thought content of Ellen are lavish, teasing and fundamental sexual intimation (Nordgaard et al., 2013). Thought process: Thought process cannot be observed, however it can be inquired from the patient and inferred from the talk of the patient. Thought process can be linear, goal-directed, incidental, lateral, loose associations, confused, vague, racing, jamming, perseveration and neologisms. Thought process of Ellen is fluctuating and it is running from one thought to another. Ellen is confused about timings, however she is well oriented towards place and person. Also, Ellen is low in concentration (Nakash et al., 2015). Insight: Persons perceptive of mental condition can be explored by persons explanation of the problem and awareness of treatment or management alternatives. Persons insight of the mental condition can be understood by recognition of mental illness, agreement or disagreement to the treatment or management and identification of diseased condition like delusions and hallucinations. Insight of mentally ill patient is helpful in planning management of the condition. In case of Ellen, it is difficult to get insight of her condition. In her inquiry to get insight of her condition, Ellen mentioned that she doesnt have any mental health issue and she should stop medications. However, it has been observed that she has serious mental illness (Finney et al., 2016; Nordgaard et al., 2013). In current condition, Ellen can have two risks like social isolation and becoming violent. With the erratic behavior of Ellen, people are trying to distance themselves from Ellen. This social isolation can lead to the chronic diseases. Because in social isolation there is reduced mobility and psychological deprivation due to the diminished cognitive functioning. Due to social isolation family members and surrounding people in the society would not be willing to take care of Ellen. Moreover, caretaker from the external source may abuse Ellen both physically and mentally. As a result, her overall wellbeing would be affected (Metzl, MacLeish, 2015). It is evident that, Ellen became harsh with other customers I the club and exhibited her violent behavior. Persons like Ellen with florid psychotic thoughts, may get violent as compared to other persons. Psychoactive substances use is one of the reasons for the violent behavior of the people and in case of Ellen also it is applicable. Ellen has habit of cigarettes and brandy and at the time of caught by the police also she was intoxicated (WHO, 2012). Nursing care priority Nursing intervention Rational High-risk behaviors (Clinical) Nurse should administer sedative medication to Ellen. Nurse should administer haloperidol or risperidone for acute aggression. Nurse should administer Buspirone for chronic anxiety. These medications helps Ellen to calm down and her aggressive or high risk behavior would not affect other people or harm herself (Walker, 2015; Grahame, 2012). Activities of daily living (ADLs) (Functional) Nurse should assess Ellen for her daily activities by asking her few questions and by observing her daily activities. Based on the information nurse should plan for the daily activities of Ellen. Nurse should assist Ellen in her daily activities on particular time like cooking, eating, wearing clothes, toilet use, taking medication. Nurse should also make Ellen to sleep for sufficient length of time. Nurse should assist or remind Ellen to carry out daily activities on time because, Ellen is disoriented to time and she is incapable to perform her daily activities on time (Walker, 2015; Grahame, 2012). Refusal to take medicine (Satisfaction) Nurse should perform counseling of Ellen about medication use. Nurse should convince Ellen importance of medication. Nurse should encourage Ellen to take medicine on regular basis. Nurse should assure to Ellen that these medications are not going to harm her, rather these medicines would help her to come out of her mental condition and behavior. Ellen is refusing for consumption of medicine. Because she made strong belief that medication is not going to help her, rather it is going to harm her. In the scenario nurse should force her or convince her to take medicine and made her satisfied with the medicine (Walker, 2015; Grahame, 2012). Cost and use of resources (Financial) With the help of social worker, Nurse should try to convince her not to spend more money on unnecessary things. It is evident that Ellen left little fund and she may face scarcity of und for future treatment (Walker, 2015; Grahame, 2012) Attitudes and rights: Ellen should maintain very cardinal relations with the all the society members. She should listen, learn and act according to the suggestions of her family members, her physician and community health workers in her care and recovery process. From this communication she should understand what are the important and useful aspects for the wellbeing of herself, family members and community members. Ellen should change her mentality of being harsh to others and she should be kind to others. Ellen should respect and protects others rights and she should not think only of herself. Ellen should involve in all the social activities around her and she should try to influence others with her positive and creative attitude in cultural and professional activities. With this changed attitude, she would be well received by family and society members and her care would be taken in better way. This builds confidence in Ellen about her future and her future life leads to full of happiness and well-being (www.health.gov.au). References: Finney, G.R., Minagar, A., Heilman, K.M. (2016). Assessment of Mental Status. Neurologic Clinics, 34(1), 1-16. Grahame, S. (2012). Psychological Interventions In Mental Health Nursing. Open University press Metzl, J.M. MacLeish, K.T. (2015). Mental Illness, Mass Shootings, and the Politics of American Firearms. American Journal of Public Health, 105(2), 240249. Nakash, O., Nagar, M., Kanat-Maymon, Y. (2015). Clinical use of the DSM categorical diagnostic system during the mental health intake session. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(7), e862-9. Nordgaard, J., Sass, L.A., Parnas, J. (2013). The psychiatric interview: validity, structure, and subjectivity. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 263(4), 353-64. Recovery Principles. Retrieved from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/mental-pubs-i-nongov-toc~mental-pubs-i-nongov-pri on 26.09.2016. Risks To Mental Health. Retrieved from. https://www.who.int/mental health/mhgap/risks to mental health EN 27 08 12.pdf on 26.09.2016. Walker, S. (2014). Psychosocial Interventions in Mental Health Nursing. SAGE Publications.

Audit standard free essay sample

Under attestation engagement, an evaluation of subject matter would have already been conducted by the responsible party against a set criteria. We will write a custom essay sample on Audit standard or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As this evaluation is usually given in the form of a report issued to the intended users by the responsible party. This report is actually a claim by the responsible party of a fair evaluation of subject matter. On that assertion made by the responsible party practitioner is asked to confirm whether such assertion of evaluation is fair or not. An engagement to ttest the assertions of responsible party is called attestation engagement. And at the conclusion of attest engagement, practitioner will issue a report in which he may word his opinion as follows: Example 1: In our opinion, the responsible partys assertion that forecasts has been prepared on best estimate basis, is fair. Example 2: In our opinion, the responsible partys assertion that internal controls are working effectively, is fair So, from above discussion we understood that attestation ngagements are a sub-set of many different forms of assurance engagement in which a practitioner issues a report to attest the assertions of against a set criteria. However, assurance engagements is Just any engagement in which users degree of confidence of is reinforced which need not to be attestation When dealing in any kind of business, it is very likely that one will, at some point, come across the need for assurance services, attestation services or auditing services. These common accounting practices are needed and used in many different scenarios, and, more ften than not, are performs by licensed certified public accountants, or CPAs as part of a service toa business client. In order . o better figure out which, if any, of these services are needed, it is imperative that one understand the principal differences between the three. An assurance service is usually requested and completed when it is necessary to better gauge a risk and the reliability of the information at hand. This service, which is independently done and usually by a CPA, assesses all of the information and determines how accurate it all is. Based on that outcome, it then determines how much risk is involved if one were to rely solely on that information on which to make a decision. An audit, for example, is a service that can be classified as an assurance service. Attestation services are requested when it is necessary to check the accuracy of someone elses claim about the reliability of information that has been provided. This service, which is sometimes performed by CPAs or attorneys, usually comes in the form of a letter that states whether or not they feel that the nformation provided by another is as accurate as they claim it to be. By attesting to it, they are essentially saying that they believe the information provided to be accurate and trustworthy, thereby lessening any risk associated with its reliability. Auditing services are used to gauge how well a businesses practices and principals are working. An internal audit determines if the rules are being followed and whether the rules in place are beneficial as they are or if change is required to reap greater benefits to the company audit standard By anufly

The genre of Daniel as apocalypse

Introduction Scholars have recognized apocalyptic literature has a distinct class of works since the time of Friedrich Lucke in the early 19th century. However, this field has not progressed like other fields of study i.e. there is a general lack of pseudepigrapha. At the same time, there are also other factors that have hindered the progress in this field.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The genre of Daniel as apocalypse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First, there has been confusion with regard to the use of the word apocalyptic to refer to a collection of literary, social and phenomenological elements. Scholars like Koch, Stone, and Hanson agree that genre of apocalypse should be separated from the apocalypticism and apocalyptic eschatology. Second, Bible scholars did not clearly recognize and label the apocalypse genre in the ancient history. The use of the term apocalypse seems to have originated f rom the last book of the Bible in the New Testament, Revelation. In this context, scholars used the term to refer to a class of writing among the Jewish literature. Third, Jewish apocalypses joined various and distinct literary styles, such as vision, prayers and legends, among others. This has made some scholars claim that the apocalypse is not literary genre but a mixture of compositions (Collins 1998). The literature of Daniel contains full-blown elements of apocalyptic literature in the Bible. Consequently it has received far more attention than any other Jewish apocalypse, but its special status has not always been beneficial. Likewise, scholars have a tendency to view Daniel as the typical example of apocalypse, although, in fact, it represents only itself. On the other hand, there is even now a spirited attempt to separate the canonical book of Daniel from the rest of the apocalypse genre. Attempts to dismiss the non-canonical apocalypses as Daniel’s imitators should b y now be dismissed. There are, however, differences between Daniel apocalypses and other traditions of apocalypse literature like Enoch, some apparent and some real, which require consideration. Some Bible scholars argue that the place of the book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible was because the author presented the work when the writers had closed the prophetic canon.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to them, the significant question is whether or not Daniel belongs with the other prophetic books. Consequently, they have concluded that Daniel is not a prophetic book but an apocalypse and the only one with the full examples in the Hebrew Bible. The genre of Daniel as apocalypse When we take the book of Daniel as a whole, it is an apocalypse book. Specifically, it belongs to the category of historical apocalypse. This category of apocalypse does not involve othe r worldly journey, but uses the strategy of ex eventu prophecy (this is a presentation of previous events as future prophecy) of history and eschatology that is cosmic in scope and has a political dimension. The book gives the revelation in the form of allegorical visions in chapters 7 and 8. It also presents angelic discourses from chapter 9 to 12. Then the angel interprets the visions. The content of the revelation has a review of history in the guise of prophecy and an eschatological crisis in each unit. Daniel 12 explicitly speaks of the resurrection of the dead. The book shows the importance of the heavenly world in the vision of the divine throne in chapter 7 and, the roles of angels and holy ones in chapter 7 and 8 and explicitly in chapter 10 to 12. Daniel combines a number of revelations, each of which we can regard as an apocalypse in itself. Apocalypse is a macro-genre which provides the frame holding various smaller forms together. The narrative framework shows the overa rching unity of Daniel, which establishes Daniel’s identity in chapters 1 to 6 and in chapter 12. In addition, the use of the narrative framework presents a collection of compositions and writings that authors created for different purposes, and in different settings. The use of collection of stories creates unusual genre in Daniel. The ideological tensions between the stories and the subsequent revelations enhance a sense of distinction in Daniel. However, the final form of Daniel shows that these stories simply act as the introduction to the revelations. The dominant form of the whole book is apocalypse. While the subgenres of chapter 1 to 6 are quite distinct from those of 7 to 12, there are some significant continuity in both form and content.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The genre of Daniel as apocalypse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authors present Daniel in the tales as a recipie nt of revelations and as a skilled interpreter of dreams and mysteries. Chapters 7 to 12 present revelations, but Daniel is no longer the interpreter. There are affinities in content between the four-kingdom passages in chapters 2 and 7, and the miraculous deliverances in chapter 3 and 6 are relevant to the situations described in chapter 11. The apocalyptic forms in chapter 7 to 12 represent a new development over and beyond the dream interpretation of chapter 2, and the motifs that carry over from the tales do not determine either the form or the message of the revelations. Only in the case of Daniel 9 can we speak of a midrash. The attempt to present the revelations simply as an outgrowth of the tales is an apologetic strategy intended to mitigate the supposed scandal of pseudonymity. In fact, pseudonymity is a constant feature of the Jewish apocalypses. The classification of Daniel as an apocalypse is full of theological implications. The significance of the genre label is that it points to a context for the interpretation of the individual text. In the case of Daniel, pseudepigraphic works provide the generic context of the various apocalypses in 1 Enoch, 4 Ezra, and 2 Baruch. After these, there is no clear case of another apocalypse in the Hebrew Bible. This analysis is not an attempt to disregard the other valuable literary works of the biblical traditions. However, we can only draw the analogies of Daniel with those of Joseph, or the impacts of Zechariah and Ezekiel on the use of vision in the Bible. All in all, the whole literature of Daniel finds its best parallels in the Pseudepigrapha, and it is in that context that we must understand its literary conventions and function. In short, Daniel cannot be adequately interpreted within the context of the canon alone. The work of Daniel gained prominent in the past. Consequently, some scholars tried to avoid this conclusion by dismissing the non-canonical apocalypses as Daniel’s â€Å"second-rate i mitators.† However, late studies reveal that several parts of 1 Enoch are likely to be older than the revelations of Daniel, and there is surely no reason to regard a book like 4 Ezra as â€Å"second-rate.† When we take due account of the genre, then such matters as pseudonymity and ex eventu prophecy are no longer theological problems, but conventions which indicate the nature and function of the book.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The successions and the world empires in Daniel Arnaldo Momigliano has significantly studied the connection between the literature of Daniel and the Greek world. Momigliano looks at the issue of how Daniel used the Greek historiography in his Biblical works. First, we must show that the concept of imperial succession existed in Greek historiography. In fact, succession is a recurring theme in Greek literature. We can look at successions from Herodotus and Ctesias. These successions exist in history of Asia in the empires of Persia and Assyria, among others (Niskanen 2004). We can recognize the contact between the book of Daniel and the Roman and Greek historiographic tradition with the four-kingdom pattern in the second book of Daniel, which contains the four images of metals which decrease with worth. Scholars argue that these images could be Greek in origin. The records of these metals are in Hesiod who talks of four ages as four metals with decreasing worth together with the fift h age of heroes. In addition, the four metals are in the arrangements that are similar to the one we see in Daniel. Meaning behind the imagery of the metals shows the declining age in human history is the same as the meaning in the vision and dream of Daniel. These connections and interpretations show that it is during the time of Nebuchadnezzar or Neo-Babylonian Empire that as the age in which human history declines. However, the interpretation of the dream vision does not imply this conclusion. The setting of book of Daniel Apocalypse discussion must separate between the ostensible setting of the text and the real setting in which the writers composed and used the text. The ostensible setting of Daniel is in the Exile during the 6th century. These events occur at the successive kingdoms of Babylon, Media, and Persia (LaSor 1996). In Daniel 1-6, the setting creates a paradigmatic setting to show how Jews can preserve their religious integrity in the service of Gentile kings. The mo st probable time of composition of these stories is the third or early second century B.C. The four kingdom sequence, which is explicit in Daniel 2, and implied by the introduction of Darius the Mede before Cyrus of Persia, points to a date in the Hellenistic period (under the Greek kingdom). The allusion to intermarriage in 2:43 most probably refers to one of the dynastic marriages between the Ptolemies and the Seleucids. The Greek names of instruments in Daniel 3 also suggest the Hellenistic period. Since there is no clear allusion to Antiochus Epiphanes in the tales, we must assume that the author composed the book before the events of his reign. It is likely that the tales of Daniel had a long prehistory. Scholars suggest that the origin of traditions in the literature of Daniel seems to be in the eastern Diaspora. However, whether or not these traditions attained their present status there or in Judea are less certain. There are no doubts that the author composed the revelation s in Judea, and so we must assume that travelers brought the tales from the Diaspora during some times in history. We can specify the setting of Daniel evidently with the wise teachers who play a crucial role in Daniel 11. As we have noted above, the book identifies Daniel as a wise teacher in chapter 1. Wise teachers are the heroes of persecution, and they will shine like the stars in the resurrection (12:3) (Longman and Raymond 2006). Scholars the Bible suggest that the book of Daniel shows continuity between different chapters, and the circles that wrote the visions, particularly chapter 1-6. The fact that Daniel and his companions were wise teachers supports this idea. Therefore, the heroes in chapter 11 relate to the heroes of the Exile. While the tales are congruent with the visions in significant respects (the deliverance from death, the idea of mysterious revelation), it is not apparent that the wise teachers of the Maccabean era would have picked up the older Diaspora tales if they were not conscious of continuity with the origins of these tales. Therefore, we may suppose then that the authors of the visions had education, and indeed the visions show a better knowledge of Hellenistic history and familiarity with ancient mythological imagery. By virtue of their education they presumably belonged to the urban upper class, although they were not necessarily wealthy. The visions show a greater affinity with the prophetic tradition than do the tales, especially in the development of the vision form and interest in apocalyptic eschatology. The shift in interest is presumably due to the new situation and does not require a change in the makeup of the group. Some scholars have also argued for the influence from the Leviticus circles with a strongly Deuteronomy theology. Some scholars like Lebram propose different ways of looking at the teachers as wise men or scribes. Lebram argues that it is priestly circles in Jerusalem that wrote the book of Daniel and the ir focuses were mainly in the Hellenistic reform. In this context, Lebram’s main argument is that the temple plays a central role in Daniel and that the disruption of the cult is the author’s primary concern (Collins 1998). In addition, Lebram notes that the periods in history and the scope of the book have the characteristics of priestly work. This thesis fits well with other scholars like Steck who note that the tales originated in the Jerusalem theocracy, but these two claims are independent of each other. However, Lebram claim is not apparent. Therefore, we cannot conclude that temples dominated Daniel’s visions to the extent that Lebram claims. The great vision in chapter 7 does not even refer to it explicitly. The profanation of the temple by Antiochus imprinted itself on the minds of all Jews of the age. We cannot conclusively write that only priests had interests in recording historic periods or cosmic chronology. We can establish this in chapter 11 by i dentifying priestly characteristics of the wise teachers. We can identify elements of cultic language in connection with the deaths of priests, but the characterization of the wise teachers emphasizes their wisdom and their role as teachers. Intentions in the apocalypse of Daniel The intention of Daniel in its historical setting is surely to exhort and console the faithful Jews in the face of persecution. The narrations in Daniel 1-6 clearly show that intention, particularly the story of the fierce fire and the lions’ den. However, the original setting gives us the life of Diaspora that demonstrates how we can combine fidelity to the Jewish law and service of the king. The content of the exhortation is complete fidelity to the Jewish law, even at the risk of death. This message is constant throughout the book. Daniel and his companions, as well as the wise teachers clearly demonstrate this concept. The message in Daniel’s book acquires complete new meaning. The wise te achers give their lives to the service of the Lord, and the tales arouse a sense of wonder and miraculous happenings. This suggests that fidelity, even at the risk of death, may be the key to the advancement and success. Daniel and his companions must believe in a supernatural world of angels we see through visions and dreams. This idea suggests that human beings can only get solutions to their problems from the supernatural world. However, the ultimate solution is not preservation from death but rather resurrection and exaltation in an afterlife (Niskanen 2004). In the Book of Daniel, the Kingdom of God defines human history and set ups. In Daniel 2, we see that it is God who removes kings and sets up kings (2:21). It is only the wise teachers such as Daniel who can understand such revelations. These tales show us that, in the end, God will set up a kingdom that will never be destroyed or left to anybody (2:44). However, God is giving human beings a chance to dominate the world kin gdoms. The visions reveal that the human kingdoms rebel against God but the wise teachers confirm the divine sovereignty through their revelations. God gives the kingdom to â€Å"the people of the saints of the Most High.† The formulation here suggests that there is another dimension to human history. Humanity will receive the kingdom in a heavenly judgment, and the â€Å"saints† or angels play a role in it. The setting of the book of Daniel reflects an exile setting. This setting plays a significant role in apocalypse literature. It conceals the real historical situation beneath the crisis happenings of the past. This technique helps scholars to put the present into analysis perspective. The exile setting provides the occasion for an ex eventu prophecy. In this context, the prophets have foretold the prophecy and thus predetermined the events. The fictitious setting also opens the book up to repeated applications, long after the crisis under Antiochus Epiphanes had pa ssed. Ultimately the book addresses not only one particular crisis but a recurring type. For instance, we can interpret the prophecy of the four kingdoms such that the fourth was not Greece but Rome. This suggests that historical interpretation cannot exhaust the setting, and function of the apocalypse by a single historical referent. Classification of apocalypse literature of Daniel In 1980, Klaus Koch reviewed the literature of Daniel and listed a minimum of five categories that scholars often propose as the overall classification of Daniel. These classifications include the legend, court tale, midrash, and aretalogical narrative. These categories depend on different aspects and levels of the stories. However, in Koch’s classification, he forgot to mention the broadest and most basic genre of these chapters: the story or tale. We can define a story or a tale as a narrative that creates interest by arousing tension or suspense and resolving it. Koch may have forgotten this c ategory because it is so obvious and usually ignored (Niskanen 2004). Conversely, most critical scholars take for granted that the genre is not history. This assumption does not rest on the mistaken allusions to Belshazzar as king of Babylon or to Darius the Mede. This is because inaccuracy is compatible with the genre of history writing. Rather it rests on two observations. First, critical analysis reveals that the stories show stereotypical patterns common in the folklore of the world. In this context, the aim of folklore is not capturing historical data but rather to pleasing, evaluating, inspiring and moving people. Therefore, historical accuracy is incidental and not necessary element of this genre. Second, stories frequently introduce marvelous elements, such as the writing on the wall or the transformation of Nebuchadnezzar, which suggest that their purpose is to inspire the wonders rather than to record facts. Occasional use of hymns enhances this impression, which expresses appreciation of wonders. These stories often have elements of fairy tales. The use of marvelous elements to inspire wonder is the point of analogy between the tales in Daniel and the legend. Legend is a traditional narrative set in a mysterious world of fantasy, provoking sympathy for the principal figure. The crucial element here is the prominence of the fantasy world. No one would argue that the narratives of Daniel as they now stand are legend. This is because their narrative world is predominantly realistic. However, they contain legend-type motifs, such as the writing on the wall. Several of these stories may have evolved from earlier forms, particularly in the case of Daniel 4. The mysterious world of fantasy is also directly relevant to two other categories, the legend and the aretalogical narrative. We may define legend as a narrative primarily concerned with the wonderful experiences and aimed at edification. It has no specific structure as such and is not primarily concer ned with narrative interest. It often inculcates wonder and dread for holy places or respect for individuals who may be models of virtue. Some scholars provide a narrower definition of legends about Biblical occurrences. A legend is a narrative, which expresses a virtue embodied in a deed and focuses on the element of imitation. These scholars have taken the stories of Daniel 1-6 as a case in point. They portray the virtue of fidelity embodied in a variety of deeds, and focus on a call in going and doing likewise (Zuck 1991). The focus on imitation serves to delimit the works by exclusion of, e.g., cult legends. The authors imply the call for imitation clearly enough in Daniel 1, 3, and 6. It is not apparent, however, that when Daniel interprets the king’s dream or deciphers the writing on the wall anyone can meaningfully be expected to go and do likewise. Conversely, all the stories that fall under the broader category of narratives focus on the wonderful and aim at edificat ion. The fact that some of the stories focus on heroic individuals, particularly in Daniel chapters 3 and 6, reflect characteristics of those legends that illustrate the lives of the saints (Zuck 1991). The aretalogical narrative and legend are close to each other since both of them focus on wonderful and miraculous acts. However, scholars accept legend in that designation than aretalogical narrative. The relative simplicity of these stories characterizes them as legends rather than as novellas, which typically involve subplots and interweaving motifs. Some scholars argue that the distinct designation martyr legend in Daniel 3 and 6 is not appropriate since the stories do not involve martyrdom. However, it is apparent that the difference between legend and aretalogical novella is almost negligible. They conclude that aretalogical novella is an elaborate legend narrated artfully. The court tale is different among the categories of genres in Daniel. It delimits the category of a story or tale by referring to a given setting. Court tale shows the story of adventures at the royal court. Court tale also has different subtypes of court tales that we can distinguish by variations in plots. We can find these plots in other folktales. However, in situations where there are no court settings, we can find these tales elaborated in different ways in legends, sagas, or novellas. This categorisation cuts across the form forms of categories. This is because it depends on the setting and plot rather than on the narrative world and intention. Court tales are useful and valid classification. We note this because they indicate most immediate context of these tales in ancient Near Eastern literature by pointing up affinities of Daniel with Joseph, Esther, Ahiqar, a story of three pages in Ezra 3 with tales of Near Eastern courts in Herodotus and Ktesias. However, we should not use court tales to replace legends. Instead, we should see them as complementary designation that furthe r indicates the genre of these stories. In addition, we can further classify court tales as contest and conflict. There is also a category of Diaspora novella. Scholars proposed this category in the cases of Joseph and Esther. This is because authors set Jewish court tales in the Diaspora. This is significant for the history of the genre studies. We can find illustrations in the three Maccabees. This category loses sight of non-Jewish parallels such as Ahiqar. However, it has the advantage of focusing attention on the Jewish setting of the tales. Therefore, we can specify that the overall genre of the tales in Daniel 1 to 6 as court legends, or legends in a court setting. Lastly, the category of midrash takes its point of departure in the biblical text and exists for the sake of explaining that text. It is not enough that a work makes use of biblical allusions alone. French scholars such as Delcor, Gaide, Lacocque have favoured characterization of Daniel 1 to 6 as midrash. So they r egard these tales as midrash and make a comparison to the story of Joseph. We know the parallels between the stories of Joseph and Daniel. Therefore, we cannot use a story to explain the existence of another one. The influence of biblical motifs and terminology are considerable factors in the tales with regard to intention and sources, but they do not determine their genre (Vaux 1984). Conclusion Biblical scholars have considered the literature of Daniel as a full-fledged example of apocalypse literature in the Hebrew Bible. This does not imply that there are no other books fitting this genre. The book of Daniel stands out because of the obvious futures of apocalypse literature. We can identity these features through settings, intentions, classifications and relations to the world empires. Reference List Collins, John. 1998. The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature, 2nd ed. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. LaSor, William. 1996. Old Testam ent Survey: The Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. Longman, Tremper and Raymond Dillard. 2006. An Introduction to the Old Testament, 2nd Ed. Michigan: Zondervan. Niskanen, Paul. 2004. The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel. New York: TT Clark International. Vaux, Roland de. 1984. Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Zuck, Roy. 1991. A Biblical Theology of the Old Testament. Chicago: Moody Publishers. This research paper on The genre of Daniel as apocalypse was written and submitted by user Nevaeh Bass to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.